Combining Philosophers
Ideas for Keith Lehrer, Paul O'Grady and Aristotle
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14 ideas
13. Knowledge Criteria / A. Justification Problems / 1. Justification / a. Justification issues
4722
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Modern epistemology centres on debates about foundations, and about external justification [O'Grady]
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13. Knowledge Criteria / A. Justification Problems / 1. Justification / b. Need for justification
8331
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To know something we need understanding, which is grasp of the primary cause [Aristotle]
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13. Knowledge Criteria / A. Justification Problems / 2. Justification Challenges / a. Agrippa's trilemma
1671
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Sceptics say justification is an infinite regress, or it stops at the unknowable [Aristotle]
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13. Knowledge Criteria / A. Justification Problems / 3. Internal or External / a. Pro-internalism
4724
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Internalists say the reasons for belief must be available to the subject, and externalists deny this [O'Grady]
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13. Knowledge Criteria / B. Internal Justification / 4. Foundationalism / b. Basic beliefs
1670
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When you understand basics, you can't be persuaded to change your mind [Aristotle]
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13. Knowledge Criteria / B. Internal Justification / 4. Foundationalism / e. Pro-foundations
583
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The starting point of a proof is not a proof [Aristotle]
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13. Knowledge Criteria / B. Internal Justification / 5. Coherentism / a. Coherence as justification
9329
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Justification is coherence with a background system; if irrefutable, it is knowledge [Lehrer]
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4723
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Coherence involves support from explanation and evidence, and also probability and confirmation [O'Grady]
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13. Knowledge Criteria / D. Scepticism / 5. Dream Scepticism
581
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Dreams aren't a serious problem. No one starts walking round Athens next morning, having dreamt that they were there! [Aristotle]
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13. Knowledge Criteria / E. Relativism / 1. Relativism
4709
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Ontological relativists are anti-realists, who deny that our theories carve nature at the joints [O'Grady]
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13. Knowledge Criteria / E. Relativism / 2. Knowledge as Convention
4725
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Contextualism says that knowledge is relative to its context; 'empty' depends on your interests [O'Grady]
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13. Knowledge Criteria / E. Relativism / 3. Subjectivism
584
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If truth is relative it is relational, and concerns appearances relative to a situation [Aristotle]
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585
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If relativism is individual, how can something look sweet and not taste it, or look different to our two eyes? [Aristotle]
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13. Knowledge Criteria / E. Relativism / 6. Relativism Critique
576
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If the majority had diseased taste, and only a few were healthy, relativists would have to prefer the former [Aristotle]
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