Combining Philosophers
Ideas for Aristotle, Christopher Peacocke and Owen Flanagan
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55 ideas
14. Science / A. Basis of Science / 2. Demonstration
1667
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Premises must be true, primitive and immediate, and prior to and explanatory of conclusions [Aristotle]
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16647
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Demonstration starts from a definition of essence, so we can derive (or conjecture about) the properties [Aristotle]
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24068
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Demonstration is more than entailment, as the explanatory order must match the causal order [Aristotle, by Koslicki]
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17310
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Aristotle gets asymmetric consequence from demonstration, which reflects real causal priority [Aristotle, by Koslicki]
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21359
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Aristotle doesn't actually apply his theory of demonstration to his practical science [Leroi on Aristotle]
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12365
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We can know by demonstration, which is a scientific deduction leading to understanding [Aristotle]
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10918
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Demonstrative understanding rests on necessary features of the thing in itself [Aristotle]
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12374
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Demonstrations must be necessary, and that depends on the middle term [Aristotle]
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12148
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Demonstrations are syllogisms which give explanations [Aristotle]
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1680
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Demonstration is better with fewer presuppositions, and it is quicker if these are familiar [Aristotle]
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12147
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The principles of demonstrations are definitions [Aristotle]
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12383
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There must be definitions before demonstration is possible [Aristotle]
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1691
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Aim to get definitions of the primitive components, thus establishing the kind, and work towards the attributes [Aristotle]
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12309
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There cannot be a science of accidentals, but only of general truths [Aristotle]
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11386
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Demonstrations about particulars must be about everything of that type [Aristotle]
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12371
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A demonstration is a deduction which proceeds from necessities [Aristotle]
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1674
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All demonstration is concerned with existence, axioms and properties [Aristotle]
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24048
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Demonstrations move from starting-points to deduced conclusions [Aristotle]
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1679
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Universal demonstrations are about thought; particular demonstrations lead to perceptions [Aristotle]
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14. Science / A. Basis of Science / 4. Prediction
5340
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Explanation does not entail prediction [Flanagan]
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14. Science / A. Basis of Science / 6. Falsification
5862
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A single counterexample is enough to prove that a truth is not necessary [Aristotle]
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14. Science / B. Scientific Theories / 1. Scientific Theory
16971
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Plato says sciences are unified around Forms; Aristotle says they're unified around substance [Aristotle, by Moravcsik]
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14. Science / C. Induction / 1. Induction
5854
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Nobody fears a disease which nobody has yet caught [Aristotle]
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12271
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Induction is the progress from particulars to universals [Aristotle]
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14. Science / C. Induction / 2. Aims of Induction
1683
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We learn universals from many particulars [Aristotle]
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14. Science / C. Induction / 3. Limits of Induction
12293
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We say 'so in cases of this kind', but how do you decide what is 'of this kind'? [Aristotle]
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14. Science / D. Explanation / 1. Explanation / a. Explanation
12367
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What is most universal is furthest away, and the particulars are nearest [Aristotle]
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11243
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Aristotelian explanations are facts, while modern explanations depend on human conceptions [Aristotle, by Politis]
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12385
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Are particulars explained more by universals, or by other particulars? [Aristotle]
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11385
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Universal principles are not primary beings, but particular principles are not universally knowable [Aristotle]
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12380
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Universals are valuable because they make the explanations plain [Aristotle]
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14. Science / D. Explanation / 1. Explanation / b. Aims of explanation
11289
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Understanding moves from the less to the more intelligible [Aristotle]
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5080
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We know a thing if we grasp its first causes, principles and basic elements [Aristotle]
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1689
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Explanation is of the status of a thing, inferences to it, initiation of change, and purpose [Aristotle]
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1686
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What we seek and understand are facts, reasons, existence, and identity [Aristotle]
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14. Science / D. Explanation / 2. Types of Explanation / a. Types of explanation
16969
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Science refers the question Why? to four causes/explanations: matter, form, source, purpose [Aristotle]
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11250
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Four Explanations: the essence and form; the matter; the source; and the end [Aristotle, by Politis]
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12045
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Aristotle's four 'causes' are four items which figure in basic explanations of nature [Aristotle, by Annas]
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16968
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There are as many causes/explanations as there are different types of why-question [Aristotle]
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11246
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Aristotelian explanations mainly divide things into natural kinds [Aristotle, by Politis]
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3320
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Aristotle's standard analysis of species and genus involves specifying things in terms of something more general [Aristotle, by Benardete,JA]
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14. Science / D. Explanation / 2. Types of Explanation / e. Lawlike explanations
13109
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Chance is inexplicable, because we can only explain what happens always or usually [Aristotle]
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12357
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Explanation and generality are inseparable [Aristotle, by Wedin]
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14. Science / D. Explanation / 2. Types of Explanation / g. Causal explanations
22522
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To grasp something, trace it back to its natural origins [Aristotle]
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1669
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The foundation or source is stronger than the thing it causes [Aristotle]
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14. Science / D. Explanation / 2. Types of Explanation / k. Explanations by essence
16135
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Real enquiries seek causes, and causes are essences [Aristotle]
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15119
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Aristotelian explanation by essence may need to draw on knowledge of other essences [Aristotle, by Koslicki]
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22524
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The nature of each thing is its mature state [Aristotle]
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12000
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Aristotle regularly says that essential properties explain other significant properties [Aristotle, by Kung]
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16646
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To understand a triangle summing to two right angles, we need to know the essence of a line [Aristotle]
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11384
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We know something when we fully know what it is, not just its quality, quantity or location [Aristotle]
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16105
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We know a thing when we grasp its essence [Aristotle]
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11296
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The explanation is what gives matter its state, which is the form, which is the substance [Aristotle]
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11999
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Essential properties explain in conjunction with properties shared by the same kind [Aristotle, by Kung]
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14. Science / D. Explanation / 3. Best Explanation / a. Best explanation
1678
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Universals give better explanations, because they are self-explanatory and primitive [Aristotle]
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