Combining Philosophers

Ideas for Pherecydes, Aristotle and Peter John Olivi

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72 ideas

2. Reason / A. Nature of Reason / 1. On Reason
23250 Desired responsible actions result either from rational or from irrational desire [Aristotle]
2676 Didactic argument starts from the principles of the subject, not from the opinions of the learner [Aristotle]
11283 There is pure deductive reasoning, and explanatory demonstration reasoning [Aristotle, by Politis]
2. Reason / A. Nature of Reason / 2. Logos
1570 Human beings, alone of the animals, have logos [Aristotle]
1575 For Aristotle logos is essentially the ability to talk rationally about questions of value [Roochnik on Aristotle]
24047 An account is either a definition or a demonstration [Aristotle]
2. Reason / A. Nature of Reason / 4. Aims of Reason
2675 Reasoning is a way of making statements which makes them lead on to other statements [Aristotle]
5082 Reason grasps generalities, while the senses grasp particulars [Aristotle]
1589 Aristotle is the supreme optimist about the ability of logos to explain nature [Roochnik on Aristotle]
1574 Reasoning distinguishes what is beneficial, and hence what is right [Aristotle]
2. Reason / A. Nature of Reason / 6. Coherence
1672 Maybe everything could be demonstrated, if demonstration can be reciprocal or circular [Aristotle]
2. Reason / A. Nature of Reason / 7. Status of Reason
623 It is readily agreed that thinking is the most godlike of things in our experience [Aristotle]
2801 Intelligence which looks ahead is a natural master, while bodily strength is a natural slave [Aristotle]
2. Reason / A. Nature of Reason / 9. Limits of Reason
19740 A very hungry man cannot choose between equidistant piles of food [Aristotle]
2. Reason / B. Laws of Thought / 3. Non-Contradiction
1601 The most certain basic principle is that contradictories can't be true at the same time [Aristotle]
11281 We cannot say that one thing both is and is not a man [Aristotle]
11282 Aristotle does not take the principle of non-contradiction for granted [Aristotle, by Politis]
23917 Contrary statements can both be reasonable, if they are meant in two different ways [Aristotle]
6561 A thing cannot be both in and not-in the same thing (at a given time) [Aristotle]
1602 For Aristotle predication is regulated by Non-Contradiction, because underlying stability is essential [Roochnik on Aristotle]
2. Reason / B. Laws of Thought / 4. Contraries
4333 Contraries are by definition as far distant as possible from one another [Aristotle]
1708 In "Callias is just/not just/unjust", which of these are contraries? [Aristotle]
24052 From one thing alone we can infer its contrary [Aristotle]
1697 The contrary of good is bad, but the contrary of bad is either good or another evil [Aristotle]
1684 Two falsehoods can be contrary to one another [Aristotle]
1698 Both sides of contraries need not exist (as health without sickness, white without black) [Aristotle]
608 There is no middle ground in contradiction, but there is in contrariety [Aristotle]
2. Reason / B. Laws of Thought / 5. Opposites
627 If everything is made of opposites, are the opposed things made of opposites? [Aristotle]
628 Not everything is composed of opposites; what, for example, is the opposite of matter? [Aristotle]
2. Reason / C. Styles of Reason / 1. Dialectic
2677 Dialectic aims to start from generally accepted opinions, and lead to a contradiction [Aristotle]
5847 It is the role of dialectic to survey syllogisms [Aristotle]
12260 Dialectic starts from generally accepted opinions [Aristotle]
2. Reason / C. Styles of Reason / 3. Eristic
2674 Competitive argument aims at refutation, fallacy, paradox, solecism or repetition [Aristotle]
2. Reason / D. Definition / 1. Definitions
12291 There can't be one definition of two things, or two definitions of the same thing [Aristotle]
12292 Definitions are easily destroyed, since they can contain very many assertions [Aristotle]
10957 The material element may be essential to a definition [Aristotle]
10953 The parts of a definition are isomorphic to the parts of the entity [Aristotle]
10960 If we define 'man' as 'two-footed animal', why does that make man a unity? [Aristotle]
2. Reason / D. Definition / 3. Types of Definition
16094 You can't define particulars, because accounts have to be generalised [Aristotle]
2. Reason / D. Definition / 4. Real Definition
8200 Aristotelian definitions aim to give the essential properties of the thing defined [Aristotle, by Quine]
12145 Definitions are of what something is, and that is universal [Aristotle]
12384 Definition by division needs predicates, which are well ordered and thorough [Aristotle]
12075 An Aristotelian definition is causal [Aristotle, by Witt]
9066 You can define objects by progressively identifying what is the same and what is different [Aristotle]
10944 A definition must be of something primary [Aristotle]
596 Only substance [ousias] admits of definition [Aristotle]
16107 Sometimes parts must be mentioned in definitions of essence, and sometimes not [Aristotle]
12360 Definitions need the complex features of form, and don't need to mention the category [Aristotle, by Wedin]
2. Reason / D. Definition / 5. Genus and Differentia
12279 The differentia indicate the qualities, but not the essence [Aristotle]
12289 The genera and the differentiae are part of the essence [Aristotle]
4385 Aristotelian definition involves first stating the genus, then the differentia of the thing [Aristotle, by Urmson]
12355 'Plane' is the genus of plane figures, and 'solid' of solids, with differentiae picking out types of corner [Aristotle]
12352 Whiteness can only belong to man because an individual like Callias happens to be white [Aristotle]
11383 A definition is of the universal and of the kind [Aristotle]
10961 Definition by division is into genus and differentiae [Aristotle]
12356 If the genus is just its constitutive forms (or matter), then the definition is the account of the differentiae [Aristotle]
17040 If I define you, I have to use terms which are all true of other things too [Aristotle]
12353 Species and genera are largely irrelevant in 'Metaphysics' [Aristotle, by Wedin]
12081 Aristotle's definitions are not unique, but apply to a range of individuals [Aristotle, by Witt]
12272 We describe the essence of a particular thing by means of its differentiae [Aristotle]
12261 Differentia are generic, and belong with genus [Aristotle]
12263 'Genus' is part of the essence shared among several things [Aristotle]
12283 In definitions the first term to be assigned ought to be the genus [Aristotle]
2. Reason / D. Definition / 6. Definition by Essence
12285 The definition is peculiar to one thing, not common to many [Aristotle]
12382 What it is and why it is are the same; screening defines and explains an eclipse [Aristotle]
12080 Essence is not all the necessary properties, since these extend beyond the definition [Aristotle, by Witt]
11153 A definition is an account of a what-it-was-to-be-that-thing [Aristotle]
2. Reason / E. Argument / 3. Analogy
15770 Some things cannot be defined, and only an analogy can be given [Aristotle]
2. Reason / F. Fallacies / 2. Infinite Regress
574 Not everything can be proven, because that would lead to an infinite regress [Aristotle]
2. Reason / F. Fallacies / 3. Question Begging
22529 Men are natural leaders (apart from the unnatural ones) [Aristotle]
2. Reason / F. Fallacies / 5. Fallacy of Composition
22571 'If each is small, so too are all' is in one way false, for the whole composed of all is not small [Aristotle]
2. Reason / F. Fallacies / 8. Category Mistake / a. Category mistakes
11034 The differentiae of genera which are different are themselves different in kind [Aristotle]