Combining Philosophers

Ideas for Karl Marx, A.C. Grayling and Friedrich Nietzsche

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10 ideas

25. Social Practice / D. Justice / 1. Basis of justice
True justice is equality for equals and inequality for unequals [Nietzsche]
     Full Idea: 'Equality for equals, inequality for unequals' - that would be the true voice of justice.
     From: Friedrich Nietzsche (Twilight of the Idols [1889], 8.48)
The very concept of democracy entails a need for justice [Grayling]
     Full Idea: The concept of democracy - embodying the principles of participation and equal concern - entails that social justice is a mandatory aim.
     From: A.C. Grayling (The Good State [2020], 2)
     A reaction: The idea that democracy entails participation in any direct way is what the right wing reject. Sustained participation would presumably entail various sorts of justice.
25. Social Practice / D. Justice / 2. The Law / a. Legal system
Laws that are well thought out, or laws that are easy to understand? [Nietzsche]
     Full Idea: Lawyers argue whether that law which is most thoroughly thought out, or that which is easiest to understand, should prevail in a people.
     From: Friedrich Nietzsche (Human, All Too Human [1878], 459)
     A reaction: Our system of speed limits is radically simplified, to save money on road signs, and facilitate enforcement. But then its inflexibility brings it into disrepute.
There should be separate legislative, executive and judicial institutions [Grayling]
     Full Idea: The obvious solution is where the legislative, executive and judicial powers are exercised by different institutions, distinguished by function. The executive is answerable to the legislative, and the judicial is controlled by neither.
     From: A.C. Grayling (The Good State [2020], 3)
     A reaction: Separation by institution, rather than merely by separate individuals exercising the powers. I agree (with Popper etc) that institutions are the way to secure long-term success and justice. Grayling says the judiciary must not paralyse government.
25. Social Practice / D. Justice / 3. Punishment / a. Right to punish
Execution is worse than murder, because we are using the victim, and really we are the guilty [Nietzsche]
     Full Idea: Why does execution offend us more than murder? It is the coldness of the judges, the painful preparation, the use of a man to deter others. For guilt is not being punished, which lies in the educators, parents, environment, in us, not in the murderer.
     From: Friedrich Nietzsche (Human, All Too Human [1878], 070)
     A reaction: Someone was stabbed to death in Oxford Street yesterday (26 Dec 11), and we all feel horribly that London is responsible for producing this event, even if we try and load all the blame onto one youth with a knife. Oscar Wilde endorsed this idea.
Get rid of the idea of punishment! It is a noxious weed! [Nietzsche]
     Full Idea: People of diligence and goodwill, lend a hand in the one work of eradicating from the face of the earth the concept of punishment, which has overrun the whole world! There is no more noxious weed!
     From: Friedrich Nietzsche (Dawn (Daybreak) [1881], 013)
     A reaction: Nietzsche never tried his hand at school teaching or parenting or running a youth club. But I still love this idea. In really good families I suspect that punishment is almost unknown.
Reasons that justify punishment can also justify the crime [Nietzsche]
     Full Idea: The reasons used to justify the punishment for a crime can also be used to justify the crime.
     From: Friedrich Nietzsche (Unpublished Notebooks 1881-82 [1882], 3[312])
     A reaction: A splendid observation, even if it is not wholly true. The justification of capital punishment appeals in some way to the whole of society, but a murderer could hardly do that.
25. Social Practice / D. Justice / 3. Punishment / b. Retribution for crime
Whenever we have seen suffering, we have wanted the revenge of punishment [Nietzsche]
     Full Idea: The spirit of revenge: my friends, that, up to now, has been mankind's chief concern; and where there was suffering, there was always supposed to be punishment.
     From: Friedrich Nietzsche (Thus Spake Zarathustra [1884], 2.20)
Do away with punishment. Counter-retribution is as bad as the crime [Nietzsche]
     Full Idea: My programme: do away with punishment: for us. Counter-retribution is nonsense. (If something is evil, then whoever performs the counter-retribution is certainly committing the same evil).
     From: Friedrich Nietzsche (Unpublished Notebooks 1881-82 [1882], 16[17])
     A reaction: Note that he seems to have a perfectly orthodox concept of 'evil' here. I don't think he ever suggested a strategy to replace punishment.
25. Social Practice / D. Justice / 3. Punishment / d. Reform of offenders
Punishment makes people harder, more alienated, and hostile [Nietzsche]
     Full Idea: On the whole, punishment makes men harder and colder, it concentrates, it sharpens the feeling of alienation; it strengthens the power to resist.
     From: Friedrich Nietzsche (On the Genealogy of Morals [1887], II.§14)
     A reaction: If the school system involves routine harsh punishments, that means that the whole population ends up in that state. I would have thought that this was an obvious truth about punishment, but no one seems to want to face up to it.