Combining Philosophers
Ideas for Peter Geach, Hesiod and Gottfried Leibniz
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85 ideas
9. Objects / A. Existence of Objects / 2. Abstract Objects / a. Nature of abstracta
12990
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Real (non-logical) abstract terms are either essences or accidents [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / A. Existence of Objects / 2. Abstract Objects / c. Modern abstracta
12939
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Wholly uniform things like space and numbers are mere abstractions [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / A. Existence of Objects / 5. Simples
13170
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The analysis of things leads to atoms of substance, which found both composition and action [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / A. Existence of Objects / 5. Individuation / a. Individuation
12979
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The only way we can determine individuals is by keeping hold of them [Leibniz]
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12775
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Things seem to be unified if we see duration, position, interaction and connection [Leibniz]
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12701
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Leibniz moved from individuation by whole entity to individuation by substantial form [Leibniz, by Garber]
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9. Objects / A. Existence of Objects / 5. Individuation / b. Individuation by properties
12971
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If two individuals could be indistinguishable, there could be no principle of individuation [Leibniz]
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19379
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The law of the series, which determines future states of a substance, is what individuates it [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / A. Existence of Objects / 5. Individuation / c. Individuation by location
12693
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A body is that which exists in space [Leibniz]
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13098
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We use things to distinguish places and times, not vice versa [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / A. Existence of Objects / 5. Individuation / d. Individuation by haecceity
13105
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The laws-of-the-series plays a haecceitist role [Leibniz, by Cover/O'Leary-Hawthorne]
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13075
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No two things are quite the same, so there must be an internal principle of distinction [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / A. Existence of Objects / 6. Nihilism about Objects
12953
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Fluidity is basic, and we divide into bodies according to our needs [Leibniz]
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8969
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We should abandon absolute identity, confining it to within some category [Geach, by Hawthorne]
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9. Objects / B. Unity of Objects / 1. Unifying an Object / a. Intrinsic unification
12745
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Philosophy needs the precision of the unity given by substances [Leibniz]
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16513
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Identity of a substance is the law of its persistence [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / B. Unity of Objects / 1. Unifying an Object / b. Unifying aggregates
12699
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A body would be endless disunited parts, if it did not have a unifying form or soul [Leibniz]
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12921
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Accidental unity has degrees, from a mob to a society to a machine or organism [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / B. Unity of Objects / 1. Unifying an Object / c. Unity as conceptual
12746
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We find unity in reason, and unity in perception, but these are not true unity [Leibniz]
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12035
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Leibniz bases pure primitive entities on conjunctions of qualitative properties [Leibniz, by Adams,RM]
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13160
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To exist and be understood, a multitude must first be reduced to a unity [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / B. Unity of Objects / 2. Substance / a. Substance
19349
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The complete notion of a substance implies all of its predicates or attributes [Leibniz]
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12916
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A body is a unified aggregate, unless it has an indivisible substance [Leibniz]
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12919
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Unity needs an indestructible substance, to contain everything which will happen to it [Leibniz]
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12923
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Every bodily substance must have a soul, or something analogous to a soul [Leibniz]
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12716
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The concept of forces or powers best reveals the true concept of substance [Leibniz]
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13197
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The notion of substance is one of the keys to true philosophy [Leibniz]
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12943
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Individuality is in the bond substance gives between past and future [Leibniz]
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12776
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Every substance is alive [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / B. Unity of Objects / 2. Substance / b. Need for substance
12704
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Aggregates don’t reduce to points, or atoms, or illusion, so must reduce to substance [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / B. Unity of Objects / 2. Substance / c. Types of substance
7558
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Substances mirror God or the universe, each from its own viewpoint [Leibniz]
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13161
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Substances are everywhere in matter, like points in a line [Leibniz]
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13171
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Substance must necessarily involve progress and change [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / B. Unity of Objects / 2. Substance / d. Substance defined
12712
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Substance is that which can act [Leibniz]
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13091
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Leibnizian substances add concept, law, force, form and soul [Leibniz, by Cover/O'Leary-Hawthorne]
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11855
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Substances cannot be bare, but have activity as their essence [Leibniz]
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12756
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Substance is a force for acting and being acted upon [Leibniz]
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7561
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Substances are essentially active [Leibniz, by Jolley]
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9. Objects / B. Unity of Objects / 2. Substance / e. Substance critique
7931
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If a substance is just a thing that has properties, it seems to be a characterless non-entity [Leibniz, by Macdonald,C]
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9. Objects / B. Unity of Objects / 3. Unity Problems / d. Coincident objects
12970
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We can imagine two bodies interpenetrating, as two rays of light seem to [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / B. Unity of Objects / 3. Unity Problems / e. Vague objects
12986
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The essence of baldness is vague and imperfect [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / C. Structure of Objects / 2. Hylomorphism / b. Form as principle
16761
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Forms are of no value in physics, but are indispensable in metaphysics [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / C. Structure of Objects / 2. Hylomorphism / c. Form as causal
12715
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Leibniz strengthened hylomorphism by connecting it to force in physics [Leibniz, by Garber]
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9. Objects / C. Structure of Objects / 2. Hylomorphism / d. Form as unifier
12700
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Form or soul gives unity and duration; matter gives multiplicity and change [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / C. Structure of Objects / 7. Substratum
12968
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A 'substratum' is just a metaphor for whatever supports several predicates [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / C. Structure of Objects / 8. Parts of Objects / a. Parts of objects
12697
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Indivisibles are not parts, but the extrema of parts [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / D. Essence of Objects / 1. Essences of Objects
13432
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The essence of a circle is the equality of its radii [Leibniz]
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13088
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Subjects include predicates, so full understanding of subjects reveals all the predicates [Leibniz]
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13077
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Basic predicates give the complete concept, which then predicts all of the actions [Leibniz]
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12908
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Essences exist in the divine understanding [Leibniz]
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12743
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A true being must (unlike a chain) have united parts, with a substantial form as its subject [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / D. Essence of Objects / 3. Individual Essences
12931
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Particular truths are just instances of general truths [Leibniz]
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12811
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We can't know individuals, or determine their exact individuality [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / D. Essence of Objects / 4. Essence as Definition
12981
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Essence is just the possibility of a thing [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / D. Essence of Objects / 6. Essence as Unifier
12706
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Bodies need a soul (or something like it) to avoid being mere phenomena [Leibniz]
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12753
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A substantial bond of powers is needed to unite composites, in addition to monads [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / D. Essence of Objects / 7. Essence and Necessity / a. Essence as necessary properties
13083
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The essence is the necessary properties, and the concept includes what is contingent [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / D. Essence of Objects / 7. Essence and Necessity / b. Essence not necessities
13082
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The complete concept of an individual includes contingent properties, as well as necessary ones [Leibniz]
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13189
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A necessary feature (such as air for humans) is not therefore part of the essence [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / D. Essence of Objects / 8. Essence as Explanatory
5057
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If you fully understand a subject and its qualities, you see how the second derive from the first [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / D. Essence of Objects / 9. Essence and Properties
13191
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The properties of a thing flow from its essence [Leibniz]
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11878
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Leibniz's view (that all properties are essential) is extreme essentialism, not its denial [Leibniz, by Mackie,P]
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9. Objects / D. Essence of Objects / 10. Essence as Species
12906
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Truths about species are eternal or necessary, but individual truths concern what exists [Leibniz]
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12987
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For some sorts, a member of it is necessarily a member [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / D. Essence of Objects / 12. Essential Parts
12884
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The same whole ceases to exist if a part is lost [Leibniz]
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12781
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A composite substance is a mere aggregate if its essence is just its parts [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / D. Essence of Objects / 13. Nominal Essence
12975
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We have a distinct idea of gold, to define it, but not a perfect idea, to understand it [Leibniz]
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12805
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If two people apply a single term to different resemblances, they refer to two different things [Leibniz]
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12806
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Locke needs many instances to show a natural kind, but why not a single instance? [Leibniz, by Jolley]
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9. Objects / D. Essence of Objects / 14. Knowledge of Essences
12694
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Essence is the distinct thinkability of anything [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / D. Essence of Objects / 15. Against Essentialism
11862
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Leibniz was not an essentialist [Leibniz, by Wiggins]
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9. Objects / E. Objects over Time / 1. Objects over Time
13182
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Changeable accidents are modifications of unchanging essences [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / E. Objects over Time / 9. Ship of Theseus
12972
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Bodies, like Theseus's ship, are only the same in appearance, and never strictly the same [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / F. Identity among Objects / 1. Concept of Identity
19394
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Inequality can be brought infinitely close to equality [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / F. Identity among Objects / 3. Relative Identity
16075
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Denial of absolute identity has drastic implications for logic, semantics and set theory [Wasserman on Geach]
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12152
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Identity is relative. One must not say things are 'the same', but 'the same A as' [Geach]
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9. Objects / F. Identity among Objects / 7. Indiscernible Objects
16504
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Two eggs can't be identical, because the same truths can't apply to both of them [Leibniz]
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5055
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No two things are totally identical [Leibniz]
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13178
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Things in different locations are different because they 'express' those locations [Leibniz]
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19411
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In nature there aren't even two identical straight lines, so no two bodies are alike [Leibniz]
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19412
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If two bodies only seem to differ in their position, those different environments will matter [Leibniz]
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17554
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There must be some internal difference between any two beings in nature [Leibniz]
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9. Objects / F. Identity among Objects / 8. Leibniz's Law
16073
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Leibniz's Law is incomplete, since it includes a non-relativized identity predicate [Geach, by Wasserman]
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9. Objects / F. Identity among Objects / 9. Sameness
8650
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Things are the same if one can be substituted for the other without loss of truth [Leibniz]
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11910
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Being 'the same' is meaningless, unless we specify 'the same X' [Geach]
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