45 ideas
7490 | Because of Darwin, wisdom as a definite attainable state has faded [Watson] |
Full Idea: As well as killing the need for God, Darwin's legacy transformed the idea of wisdom, as some definite attainable state, however far off. | |
From: Peter Watson (Ideas [2005], Ch.31) | |
A reaction: Where does this leave philosophy, if it is still (as I like to think) the love of wisdom? The best we can hope for is wisdom as a special sort of journey - touring, rather than arriving. |
7461 | The three key ideas are the soul, Europe, and the experiment [Watson] |
Full Idea: The three key ideas that I have settled on in the history of ideas are: the soul, Europe, and the experiment. | |
From: Peter Watson (Ideas [2005], Intro) | |
A reaction: The soul is a nice choice (rather than God). 'Europe' seems rather vast and indeterminate to count as a key idea. |
7464 | The big idea: imitation, the soul, experiments, God, heliocentric universe, evolution? [Watson] |
Full Idea: Candidates for the most important idea in human history are: mimetic thinking (imitation), the soul, the experiment, the One True God, the heliocentric universe, and evolution. | |
From: Peter Watson (Ideas [2005], Ch.03) | |
A reaction: From this list I would choose the heliocentric universe, because it so dramatically downgraded the importance of our species (effectively we went from everything to nothing). We still haven't recovered from the shock. |
7465 | Babylonian thinking used analogy, rather than deduction or induction [Watson] |
Full Idea: In Babylon thought seems to have worked mainly by analogy, rather than by the deductive or inductive processes we use in the modern world. | |
From: Peter Watson (Ideas [2005], Ch.04) | |
A reaction: Analogy seems to be closely related to induction, if it is comparing instances of something. Given their developments in maths and astronomy, they can't have been complete strangers to the 'modern' way of thought. |
17867 | If a concept is not compact, it will not be presentable to finite minds [Almog] |
Full Idea: If the notion of 'logically following' in your language is not compact, it will not be locally presentable to finite minds. | |
From: Joseph Almog (Nature Without Essence [2010], 02) |
17877 | The number series is primitive, not the result of some set theoretic axioms [Almog] |
Full Idea: On Skolem's account, to 'get' the natural numbers - that primal structure - do not 'look for it' as the satisfier of some abstract (set-theoretic) axiomatic essence; start with that primitive structure. | |
From: Joseph Almog (Nature Without Essence [2010], 12) | |
A reaction: [Skolem 1922 and 1923] Almog says the numbers are just 0,1,2,3,4..., and not some underlying axioms. That makes it sound as if they have nothing in common, and that the successor relation is a coincidence. |
7466 | Mesopotamian numbers applied to specific things, and then became abstract [Watson] |
Full Idea: To begin with, in Mesopotamia, counting systems applied to specific commodities (so the symbol for 'three sheep' applied only to sheep, and 'three cows' applied only to cows), but later words for abstract qualities emerged. | |
From: Peter Watson (Ideas [2005], Ch.04) | |
A reaction: It seems from this that we actually have a record of the discovery of true numbers. Delightful. I think the best way to describe what happened is that they began to spot patterns. |
17872 | Definitionalists rely on snapshot-concepts, instead of on the real processes [Almog] |
Full Idea: The definitionalist errs by abstracting away from differences cosmic processes, freezing real, dynamic processes in snapshot-concepts. | |
From: Joseph Almog (Nature Without Essence [2010], 08) | |
A reaction: You could hardly do science at all if you didn't 'abstract away from the differences in cosmic processes'. We can't write about sea-waves, because they all differ slightly? 'Electron' is a snapshot concept. |
17871 | Fregean meanings are analogous to conceptual essence, defining a kind [Almog] |
Full Idea: Ever since Frege, semantic definitionalists have posited a meaning ('sinn') for a name; the meaning/sinn is their semantic analog to the conceptual essence, as ontologically defining of the kind. | |
From: Joseph Almog (Nature Without Essence [2010], 07) |
17866 | Essential definition aims at existence conditions and structural truths [Almog] |
Full Idea: The essentialist encapsulating formula is meant to be existence-exhaustive (an attribute the satisfaction of which is logically necessary and sufficient to be the thing) and truth-exhaustive (promising all the structural truths). | |
From: Joseph Almog (Nature Without Essence [2010], 01) | |
A reaction: [compressed] If he thinks essentialism means that one short phrase can achieve all this, then it is not surprising that Almog renounces his former essentialism in this essay. He may, however, have misunderstood. He should reread Aristotle. |
17868 | Surface accounts aren't exhaustive as they always allow unintended twin cases [Almog] |
Full Idea: A surface-functional characterisation is not exhaustive. It allows unintended twins, alien intruders with different structures - water lookalikes that are not H2O and lookalike infinite structures that are not the natural numbers. | |
From: Joseph Almog (Nature Without Essence [2010], 03) | |
A reaction: He rests this on the claim in mathematical logic that fully expressive systems are always non-categorical (having unintended twins). Set theory is not fully categorical, but Peano Arithmetic is. Almog's main anti-essentialist argument. |
17870 | Alien 'tigers' can't be tigers if they are not related to our tigers [Almog] |
Full Idea: Animals roaming jungles on some planet at the other end of the galaxy with the tiger-look and the tiger genetic make-up but with a disjoint evolutionary history are not the same species as the earthly tigers. | |
From: Joseph Almog (Nature Without Essence [2010], 10) | |
A reaction: I disagree. If two independent cultures build boats, they are both boats. If we manufacture a tiger which can breed with other tigers, we've made a tiger. His 'tigers' would scream for explanation, precisely because they are tigers. If not, no puzzle. |
17869 | Kripke and Putnam offer an intermediary between real and nominal essences [Almog] |
Full Idea: Kripke and Putnam offer us enhanced essences, still formulable in one short sentence and locally graspable. They offer between Locke's mind-boggling definitive real essence and his mind-friendly but not definitive nominal essence. | |
From: Joseph Almog (Nature Without Essence [2010], 04) | |
A reaction: The solution is to add a 'deep structure' which serves both ends. |
17876 | Individual essences are just cobbled together classificatory predicates [Almog] |
Full Idea: The key for the essentialist is classificatory predication. It is only a subsequent extension of this prime idea that leads us to cobble together enough such essential predications to make an individuative essential property. | |
From: Joseph Almog (Nature Without Essence [2010], 11) | |
A reaction: So the essence is just a cross-reference of all the ways we can think of to classify it? I don't think so. Which are the essential classifications? |
20657 | There are 23 core brain functions, with known circuit, transmitters, genes and behaviour [Watson] |
Full Idea: In 2014 the National Institutes of Mental Health published a list of 23 core brain functions and their associated neural circuitry, neurotransmitters and genes, and the behaviour and emotions that go with them. | |
From: Peter Watson (Convergence [2016], 16 'Physics') | |
A reaction: They were interested in the functions behind mental health, but I am interested in the functions behind our belief systems, which might produce a different focus. Sub-functions, perhaps. |
20656 | Traditional ideas of the mind were weakened in the 1950s by mind-influencing drugs [Watson] |
Full Idea: One development in particular in the 1950s helped to discredit the traditional concept of the mind. This was medical drugs that influenced the workings of the brain. | |
From: Peter Watson (Convergence [2016], 16 'Intro') | |
A reaction: This explains Ryle's 1949 book, and the Australian physicalists emerging in the late 1950s. Philosophers don't grasp how their subject is responsive to other areas of human knowledge. Of course, opium had always done this. |
17873 | Water must be related to water, just as tigers must be related to tigers [Almog] |
Full Idea: It is a blindspot to say that to be a tiger one must come from tigers, but to be water one needn't come from water. ...The error lies in not appreciating that to be water one still must come from somewhere in the cosmos, indeed, from hydrogen and oxygen. | |
From: Joseph Almog (Nature Without Essence [2010], 09) | |
A reaction: A unified picture is indeed desirable, but a better solution is to say that the essence of a tiger is in its structure, not in its origins. There are many ways to produce an artefact. There could be many ways to produce a tiger. |
20655 | Humans have been hunter-gatherers for 99.5% of their existence [Watson] |
Full Idea: Anthropology shows that the hunter-gathering lifestyle has occupied 99.5 per cent of the time humans have been on earth. | |
From: Peter Watson (Convergence [2016], 13 'Emergence') | |
A reaction: If you are trying to understand humanity, you ignore this fact at your peril. Even agriculture is only a tiny part of our history, and that only disappeared as a major human activity (in many nations) in the last hundred years. |
7477 | Modern democracy is actually elective oligarchy [Watson] |
Full Idea: What we regard as democracy in the twenty-first century is actually elective oligarchy. | |
From: Peter Watson (Ideas [2005], Ch.06) | |
A reaction: Even dictatorships want to be called 'democracies'. The modern system is a bit of a concession to Plato, and he would probably have preferred it to his system, because at least the rulers tend to be more educated than the direct assembly. |
6005 | Animals are dangerous and nourishing, and can't form contracts of justice [Hermarchus, by Sedley] |
Full Idea: Hermarchus said that animal killing is justified by considerations of human safety and nourishment and by animals' inability to form contractual relations of justice with us. | |
From: report of Hermarchus (fragments/reports [c.270 BCE]) by David A. Sedley - Hermarchus | |
A reaction: Could the last argument be used to justify torturing animals? Or could we eat a human who was too brain-damaged to form contracts? |
7478 | Greek philosophers invented the concept of 'nature' as their special subject [Watson] |
Full Idea: Greek philosophers may have invented the concept of 'nature' to underline their superiority over poets and religious leaders. | |
From: Peter Watson (Ideas [2005], Ch.06) | |
A reaction: Brilliant. They certainly wrote a lot of books entitled 'Peri Physis' (Concerning Nature), and it was the target of their expertise. A highly significant development, along with their rational methods. Presumably Socrates extends nature to include ethics. |
20650 | The Uncertainty Principle implies that cause and effect can't be measured [Watson] |
Full Idea: The Uncertainty Principle implied that in the subatomic world cause and effect could never be measured. | |
From: Peter Watson (Convergence [2016], 05 'Against') | |
A reaction: The fact that it can't be measured does not, presumably, entail that it doesn't exist. Physicists seem to ignore causation, rather than denying it. Can causation be real if it only exists at the macro-level, as an emergent phenomenon? |
17864 | Defining an essence comes no where near giving a thing's nature [Almog] |
Full Idea: The natures of things are neither exhausted nor even partially given by 'defining essences'. | |
From: Joseph Almog (Nature Without Essence [2010], Intro) | |
A reaction: A better criticism of essentialism. 'Natures' is a much vaguer word than 'essences', however, because the latter refers to what is stable and important, whereas natures could include any aspect. Being ticklish is in my nature, but not in my essence. |
17863 | Essences promise to reveal reality, but actually drive us away from it [Almog] |
Full Idea: The essentialist line (one I trace to Aristotle, Descartes and Kripke) is driving us away from, not closer to, the real nature of things. It promised a sort of Hubble telescope - essences - able to reveal the deep structure of reality. | |
From: Joseph Almog (Nature Without Essence [2010], Intro) | |
A reaction: I suspect this is tilting at a straw man. No one thinks we should hunt for essences instead of doing normal science. 'Essence' just labels what you've got when you succeed. |
20649 | The interference of light through two slits confirmed that it is waves [Watson] |
Full Idea: Thomas Young in 1803 confirmed the idea of Huyghens that light is waves, showing how light passing through two slits produces an interference pattern that resembles water waves sluicing through two slits. | |
From: Peter Watson (Convergence [2016], 04 'Conception') | |
A reaction: The great puzzle emerges when it also turns out to be quantised particles. |
20661 | Electrons rotate in hyrogen atoms 10^13 times per second [Watson] |
Full Idea: In the hydrogen atom the electron rotates some 10,000 billion times per second. | |
From: Peter Watson (Convergence [2016], 18 'Evolutionary') | |
A reaction: That's an awful lot. Is it at the speed of light? |
20647 | Quantum theory explains why nature is made up of units, such as elements [Watson] |
Full Idea: Planck's quantum idea explained so much, including the observation that the chemical world is made up of discrete units - the elements. Discrete elements implied fundamental units of matter that were themselves discrete (as Dalton had said). | |
From: Peter Watson (Convergence [2016], 4 'Intro') | |
A reaction: The atomic theory was only finally confirmed by Einstein in 1905. This idea implies that the very lowest level of all must have distinct building blocks, but so far we have got down to 'fields', which seem to be a sort of 'foam'. |
20654 | Only four particles are needed for matter: up and down quark, electron, electron-neutrino [Watson] |
Full Idea: We need twelve particles in the master equation of the standard model, but it is necessary to have only four to build a universe (up and down quarks, the electron and the electron neutrino (or lepton). The existence of the others is 'a bit of a mystery'. | |
From: Peter Watson (Convergence [2016], 11 'First Three') |
20651 | The shape of molecules is important, as well as the atoms and their bonds [Watson] |
Full Idea: Pauling showed that the architecture - the shape of molecules was relevant (as well as the bonds). This meant that molecules were just as important as atoms in the understanding of matter. Molecules were not just the sum of their parts. | |
From: Peter Watson (Convergence [2016], 05 'Three') | |
A reaction: If Aristotle struggled to understand matter, then so should modern philosophers. This involves thermodynamics and chemistry, as well as quantum theory. |
20652 | In 1828 the animal substance urea was manufactured from inorganic ingredients [Watson] |
Full Idea: In 1828 Wöhler, in an iconic experiment, had manufactured an organic substance, urea, hitherto the product solely of animals, out of inorganic materials, and without any interventions of vital force. | |
From: Peter Watson (Convergence [2016], 06 'Inorganic') | |
A reaction: For reductionists like me, the gradual explanation of life in inorganic terms is the great role model of explanation. I take it for granted that the human mind will go the same way, despite partisan resistance from a lot of philosophers. |
20658 | Information is physical, and living can be seen as replicating and preserving information [Watson] |
Full Idea: In passing information, physical changes take place, and information is thus physical. On this account, the act of living can be seen as replicating and preserving the information that a living body is comprised of. | |
From: Peter Watson (Convergence [2016], 17 'Dreams') | |
A reaction: [He emphasises 'the act' of living, rather than a life] |
7462 | DNA mutation suggests humans and chimpanzees diverged 6.6 million years ago [Watson] |
Full Idea: The basic mutation rate in DNA is 0.71 percent per million years. Working back from the present difference between human and chimpanzee DNA, we arrive at 6.6 million years ago for their divergence. | |
From: Peter Watson (Ideas [2005], Ch.01) | |
A reaction: This database is committed to evolution (a reminder that even databases have commitments), and so facts of this kind are included, even though they are not strictly philosophical. All complaints should be inwardly digested and forgotten. |
7470 | During the rise of civilizations, the main gods changed from female to male [Watson] |
Full Idea: Around the time of the rise of the first great civilizations, the main gods changed sex, as the Great Goddess, or a raft of smaller goddesses, were demoted and male gods took their place. | |
From: Peter Watson (Ideas [2005], Ch.05) | |
A reaction: Why? War, perhaps? |
7474 | Hinduism has no founder, or prophet, or creed, or ecclesiastical structure [Watson] |
Full Idea: Traditional Hinduism has been described as more a way of living than a way of thought; it has no founder, no prophet, no creed and no ecclesiastical structure. | |
From: Peter Watson (Ideas [2005], Ch.05) | |
A reaction: This contrast strikingly with all later religions, which felt they had to follow the Jews in becoming a 'religion of the book', with a sacred text, and hence a special status for the author(s) of that text. |
7479 | Modern Judaism became stabilised in 200 CE [Watson] |
Full Idea: The Judaism we know today didn't become stabilized until roughly 200 CE. | |
From: Peter Watson (Ideas [2005], Ch.07) | |
A reaction: By that stage it would have been subject to the influences of Christianity, ancient Greek philosophy, and neo-Platonism. |
7481 | The Israelites may have asserted the uniqueness of Yahweh to justify land claims [Watson] |
Full Idea: Archaeology offers datable figures that seem to support the idea that the Israelites of the 'second exile' period converted Yahweh into a special, single God to justify their claims to the land. | |
From: Peter Watson (Ideas [2005], Ch.07) | |
A reaction: The implications for middle eastern politics of this wicked observation are beyond the remit of a philosophy database. |
7480 | Monotheism was a uniquely Israelite creation within the Middle East [Watson] |
Full Idea: No one questions the fact that monotheism was a uniquely Israelite creation within the Middle East. | |
From: Peter Watson (Ideas [2005], Ch.07) | |
A reaction: I take the Middle East to exclude Greece, where they were developing similar ideas. Who knows? |
7471 | The Gathas (hymns) of Zoroastrianism date from about 1000 BCE [Watson] |
Full Idea: The Gathas, the liturgical hymns that make up the 'Avesta', the Zoroastrian canon, are very similar in language to the oldest Sanskrit of Hinduism, so they are not much younger than 1200 BCE. | |
From: Peter Watson (Ideas [2005], Ch.05) | |
A reaction: This implies a big expansion of religion before the well-known expansion of the sixth century BCE. |
7473 | Zoroaster conceived the afterlife, judgement, heaven and hell, and the devil [Watson] |
Full Idea: Life after death, resurrection, judgement, heaven and paradise, were all Zoroastrian firsts, as were hell and the devil. | |
From: Peter Watson (Ideas [2005], Ch.05) | |
A reaction: He appears to be the first 'prophet'. |
7483 | Paul's early writings mention few striking episodes from Jesus' life [Watson] |
Full Idea: Paul's writings - letters mainly - predate the gospels and yet make no mention of many of the more striking episodes that make up Jesus' life. | |
From: Peter Watson (Ideas [2005], Ch.07) | |
A reaction: This is not proof of anything, but it seems very significant if we are trying to get at the facts about Jesus. |
7484 | Jesus never intended to start a new religion [Watson] |
Full Idea: Jesus never intended to start a new religion. | |
From: Peter Watson (Ideas [2005], Ch.08) | |
A reaction: An intriguing fact, which makes you wonder whether any of the prophets ever had such an intention. |
7475 | Confucius revered the spiritual world, but not the supernatural, or a personal god, or the afterlife [Watson] |
Full Idea: Confucius was deeply religious in a traditional sense, showing reverence towards heaven and an omnipresent spiritual world, but he was cool towards the supernatural, and does not seem to have believed in either a personal god or an afterlife. | |
From: Peter Watson (Ideas [2005], Ch.05) | |
A reaction: The implication is that the spiritual world was very remote from us, and beyond communication. Sounds like deism. |
7476 | Taoism aims at freedom from the world, the body, the mind, and nature [Watson] |
Full Idea: Underlying Taoism is a search for freedom - from the world, from the body, from the mind, from nature. | |
From: Peter Watson (Ideas [2005], Ch.05) | |
A reaction: Of all the world's religions, I think Taoism is the most ridiculouly misconceived. |
7463 | The three basic ingredients of religion are: the soul, seers or priests, and ritual [Watson] |
Full Idea: Anthropologist distinguish three requirements for religion: a non-physical soul which can survive death; individuals who can receive supernatural inspiration; and rituals which can cause changes in the present world. | |
From: Peter Watson (Ideas [2005], Ch.01) | |
A reaction: The latter two, of course, also imply belief in supernatural powers. |
7468 | In ancient Athens the souls of the dead are received by the 'upper air' [Watson] |
Full Idea: An official Athenian war monument of 432 BCE says the souls of the dead will be received by the aither (the 'upper air'), though their bodies remain on earth. | |
From: Peter Watson (Ideas [2005], Ch.05) | |
A reaction: Intriguing. Did they think anything happened when they got there? There are also ideas about Hades, and the Isles of the Blessed floating around. |