Combining Philosophers

All the ideas for Herodotus, Anon (Job) and Melvin Fitting

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9 ideas

4. Formal Logic / E. Nonclassical Logics / 8. Intensional Logic

15375	If terms change their designations in different states, they are functions from states to objects [Fitting]
	Full Idea: The common feature of every designating term is that designation may change from state to state - thus it can be formalized by a function from states to objects.
	From: Melvin Fitting (Intensional Logic [2007], 3)
	A reaction: Specifying the objects sounds OK, but specifying states sounds rather tough.

15376	Intensional logic adds a second type of quantification, over intensional objects, or individual concepts [Fitting]
	Full Idea: To first order modal logic (with quantification over objects) we can add a second kind of quantification, over intensions. An intensional object, or individual concept, will be modelled by a function from states to objects.
	From: Melvin Fitting (Intensional Logic [2007], 3.3)

4. Formal Logic / E. Nonclassical Logics / 9. Awareness Logic

15378	Awareness logic adds the restriction of an awareness function to epistemic logic [Fitting]
	Full Idea: Awareness logic enriched Hintikka's epistemic models with an awareness function, mapping each state to the set of formulas we are aware of at that state. This reflects some bound on the resources we can bring to bear.
	From: Melvin Fitting (Intensional Logic [2007], 3.6.1)
	A reaction: [He cites Fagin and Halpern 1988 for this]

4. Formal Logic / E. Nonclassical Logics / 10. Justification Logics

15379	Justication logics make explicit the reasons for mathematical truth in proofs [Fitting]
	Full Idea: In justification logics, the logics of knowledge are extended by making reasons explicit. A logic of proof terms was created, with a semantics. In this, mathematical truths are known for explicit reasons, and these provide a measure of complexity.
	From: Melvin Fitting (Intensional Logic [2007], 3.6.1)

5. Theory of Logic / A. Overview of Logic / 8. Logic of Mathematics

11026	Classical logic is deliberately extensional, in order to model mathematics [Fitting]
	Full Idea: Mathematics is typically extensional throughout (we write 3+2=2+3 despite the two terms having different meanings). ..Classical first-order logic is extensional by design since it primarily evolved to model the reasoning of mathematics.
	From: Melvin Fitting (Intensional Logic [2007], §1)

5. Theory of Logic / F. Referring in Logic / 3. Property (λ-) Abstraction

11028	λ-abstraction disambiguates the scope of modal operators [Fitting]
	Full Idea: λ-abstraction can be used to abstract and disambiguate a predicate. De re is [λx◊P(x)](f) - f has the possible-P property - and de dicto is ◊[λxP(x)](f) - possibly f has the P-property. Also applies to □.
	From: Melvin Fitting (Intensional Logic [2007], §3.3)
	A reaction: Compare the Barcan formula. Originated with Church in the 1930s, and Carnap 1947, but revived by Stalnaker and Thomason 1968. Because it refers to the predicate, it has a role in intensional versions of logic, especially modal logic.

10. Modality / E. Possible worlds / 3. Transworld Objects / a. Transworld identity

15377	Definite descriptions pick out different objects in different possible worlds [Fitting]
	Full Idea: Definite descriptions pick out different objects in different possible worlds quite naturally.
	From: Melvin Fitting (Intensional Logic [2007], 3.4)
	A reaction: A definite description can pick out the same object in another possible world, or a very similar one, or an object which has almost nothing in common with the others.

29. Religion / D. Religious Issues / 2. Immortality / a. Immortality

1513	The Egyptians were the first to say the soul is immortal and reincarnated [Herodotus]
	Full Idea: The Egyptians were the first to claim that the soul of a human being is immortal, and that each time the body dies the soul enters another creature just as it is being born.
	From: Herodotus (The Histories [c.435 BCE], 2.123.2)

7469	There is no hereafter in the Book of Job [Anon (Job), by Watson]
	Full Idea: The entire Book of Job is concerned with faith and suffering and inequality in a life where there is no hereafter (all the rewards promised to the Jews by their God are worldly).
	From: report of Anon (Job) (18: Book of Job [c.535 BCE]) by Peter Watson - Ideas Ch.5
	A reaction: It is extraordinary how such ideas can creep into the great religions, and then become taken for granted, as if no one had ever doubted them.