Combining Philosophers

All the ideas for H.Putnam/P.Oppenheim, Graham Farmelo and James Joule

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6 ideas

14. Science / D. Explanation / 2. Types of Explanation / j. Explanations by reduction
20653 Six reduction levels: groups, lives, cells, molecules, atoms, particles [Putnam/Oppenheim, by Watson]
27. Natural Reality / A. Classical Physics / 1. Mechanics / d. Gravity
21236 Instead of gravitational force, we now have a pervasive gravitational field [Farmelo]
27. Natural Reality / A. Classical Physics / 2. Thermodynamics / b. Heat
20645 Heat is a state of vibration, not a substance [Joule]
20972 Joule showed that energy converts to heat, and heat to energy [Joule, by Papineau]
27. Natural Reality / B. Modern Physics / 2. Electrodynamics / d. Quantum mechanics
21235 The Schrödinger waves are just the maths of transforming energy values to positions [Farmelo]
27. Natural Reality / B. Modern Physics / 4. Standard Model / c. Particle properties
21234 Experiments show that fundamental particles of one type are identical [Farmelo]