Combining Philosophers

All the ideas for H.Putnam/P.Oppenheim, Paolo Mancosu and George Santayana

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5 ideas

1. Philosophy / C. History of Philosophy / 1. History of Philosophy

8000	He who is ignorant of the history of philosophy is doomed to repeat it [Santayana, by MacIntyre]

7. Existence / A. Nature of Existence / 6. Criterion for Existence

18521

The criterion of existence is the possibility of action [Santayana]

9. Objects / D. Essence of Objects / 7. Essence and Necessity / b. Essence not necessities

13166

Essences are no use in mathematics, if all mathematical truths are necessary [Mancosu]

14. Science / D. Explanation / 2. Types of Explanation / j. Explanations by reduction

20653

Six reduction levels: groups, lives, cells, molecules, atoms, particles [Putnam/Oppenheim, by Watson]

22. Metaethics / A. Ethics Foundations / 2. Source of Ethics / e. Human nature

23060

The good is not relative, but is rooted in facts about human needs [Santayana]