Combining Philosophers

All the ideas for H.Putnam/P.Oppenheim, Roy Bhaskar and Emmanuel Levinas

expand these ideas     |    start again     |     specify just one area for these philosophers

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4 ideas

9. Objects / D. Essence of Objects / 5. Essence as Kind

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Kind essences are the categorical bases of a thing's causal powers [Bhaskar, by Chakravartty]

14. Science / D. Explanation / 2. Types of Explanation / j. Explanations by reduction

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Six reduction levels: groups, lives, cells, molecules, atoms, particles [Putnam/Oppenheim, by Watson]

22. Metaethics / A. Ethics Foundations / 1. Nature of Ethics / a. Preconditions for ethics

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Levinas took 'first philosophy' to begin with seeing the vulnerable faces of others [Levinas, by Aho]

24. Political Theory / D. Ideologies / 9. Communism

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Levinas says Marxism is the replacement of individualist ethics, by solidarity and sociality [Levinas, by Critchley]