63 ideas
9724 | Until the 1960s the only semantics was truth-tables [Enderton] |
9703 | 'dom R' indicates the 'domain' of objects having a relation [Enderton] |
9705 | 'fld R' indicates the 'field' of all objects in the relation [Enderton] |
9704 | 'ran R' indicates the 'range' of objects being related to [Enderton] |
9710 | We write F:A→B to indicate that A maps into B (the output of F on A is in B) [Enderton] |
9707 | 'F(x)' is the unique value which F assumes for a value of x [Enderton] |
13201 | ∈ says the whole set is in the other; ⊆ says the members of the subset are in the other [Enderton] |
9712 | A relation is 'symmetric' on a set if every ordered pair has the relation in both directions [Enderton] |
9713 | A relation is 'transitive' if it can be carried over from two ordered pairs to a third [Enderton] |
13204 | The 'ordered pair' <x,y> is defined to be {{x}, {x,y}} [Enderton] |
13206 | A 'linear or total ordering' must be transitive and satisfy trichotomy [Enderton] |
9699 | The 'powerset' of a set is all the subsets of a given set [Enderton] |
9700 | Two sets are 'disjoint' iff their intersection is empty [Enderton] |
9702 | A 'domain' of a relation is the set of members of ordered pairs in the relation [Enderton] |
9701 | A 'relation' is a set of ordered pairs [Enderton] |
9706 | A 'function' is a relation in which each object is related to just one other object [Enderton] |
9708 | A function 'maps A into B' if the relating things are set A, and the things related to are all in B [Enderton] |
9709 | A function 'maps A onto B' if the relating things are set A, and the things related to are set B [Enderton] |
9711 | A relation is 'reflexive' on a set if every member bears the relation to itself [Enderton] |
9714 | A relation satisfies 'trichotomy' if all pairs are either relations, or contain identical objects [Enderton] |
9717 | A set is 'dominated' by another if a one-to-one function maps the first set into a subset of the second [Enderton] |
13200 | Note that {Φ} =/= Φ, because Φ ∈ {Φ} but Φ ∉ Φ [Enderton] |
13199 | The empty set may look pointless, but many sets can be constructed from it [Enderton] |
13203 | The singleton is defined using the pairing axiom (as {x,x}) [Enderton] |
9715 | An 'equivalence relation' is a reflexive, symmetric and transitive binary relation [Enderton] |
9716 | We 'partition' a set into distinct subsets, according to each relation on its objects [Enderton] |
13202 | Fraenkel added Replacement, to give a theory of ordinal numbers [Enderton] |
13205 | We can only define functions if Choice tells us which items are involved [Enderton] |
9722 | Inference not from content, but from the fact that it was said, is 'conversational implicature' [Enderton] |
18755 | Validity is explained as truth in all models, because that relies on the logical terms [McGee] |
9718 | Validity is either semantic (what preserves truth), or proof-theoretic (following procedures) [Enderton] |
18751 | Natural language includes connectives like 'because' which are not truth-functional [McGee] |
18761 | Second-order variables need to range over more than collections of first-order objects [McGee] |
18753 | An ontologically secure semantics for predicate calculus relies on sets [McGee] |
9721 | A logical truth or tautology is a logical consequence of the empty set [Enderton] |
18754 | Logically valid sentences are analytic truths which are just true because of their logical words [McGee] |
9994 | A truth assignment to the components of a wff 'satisfy' it if the wff is then True [Enderton] |
9719 | A proof theory is 'sound' if its valid inferences entail semantic validity [Enderton] |
18757 | Soundness theorems are uninformative, because they rely on soundness in their proofs [McGee] |
9720 | A proof theory is 'complete' if semantically valid inferences entail proof-theoretic validity [Enderton] |
9995 | Proof in finite subsets is sufficient for proof in an infinite set [Enderton] |
9996 | Expressions are 'decidable' if inclusion in them (or not) can be proved [Enderton] |
9997 | For a reasonable language, the set of valid wff's can always be enumerated [Enderton] |
18760 | The culmination of Euclidean geometry was axioms that made all models isomorphic [McGee] |
9723 | Sentences with 'if' are only conditionals if they can read as A-implies-B [Enderton] |
4020 | The modern self has disengaged reason, self-exploration, and personal commitment [Taylor,C] |
4002 | My aim is to map the connections between our sense of self and our moral understanding [Taylor,C] |
4006 | I can only be aware of myself as a person who changes by means of my personal history [Taylor,C] |
18762 | A maxim claims that if we are allowed to assert a sentence, that means it must be true [McGee] |
4003 | Selfhood and moral values are inextricably intertwined [Taylor,C] |
4021 | Willingness to risk life was the constitutive quality of the man of honour [Taylor,C] |
4005 | To have respect for people, you must feel their claims, or their injustices, or hold them in awe [Taylor,C] |
4004 | Consistency presupposes intrinsic description [Taylor,C] |
4010 | In later utilitarianism the modern stress on freedom leads to the rejection of paternalism [Taylor,C] |
22809 | The social contract sees society as constituted by and for individuals [Taylor,C] |
22811 | Assigning a right based on a human capacity implies that the capacity should be developed [Taylor,C] |
22815 | If freedom depends on society and culture, the greatest freedom is in shaping them [Taylor,C] |
22814 | Our reliance on other people close to us does not imply any political obligations [Taylor,C] |
22812 | For most people the primacy of rights mainly concerns freedom [Taylor,C] |
22810 | A right is not just a rule, but also asserts certain ideas of moral worth [Taylor,C] |
22813 | Property is not essential for life, but it may be essential for independence [Taylor,C] |
23417 | If the state is neutral, there won't be sufficient community to support a welfare state [Taylor,C, by Kymlicka] |
4009 | Nominalists defended the sovereignty of God against the idea of natural existing good and evil [Taylor,C] |