824 ideas
1922 | Spiritual qualities only become advantageous with the growth of wisdom [Plato] |
14179 | The finest branch of wisdom is justice and moderation in ordering states and families [Plato] |
354 | Wisdom makes virtue and true goodness possible [Plato] |
13786 | Wisdom is called 'beautiful', because it performs fine works [Plato] |
23890 | For Plato true wisdom is supernatural [Plato, by Weil] |
13780 | Good people are no different from wise ones [Plato] |
2136 | Philosophers become as divine and orderly as possible, by studying divinity and order [Plato] |
291 | Don't assume that wisdom is the automatic consequence of old age [Plato] |
3060 | Plato never mentions Democritus, and wished to burn his books [Plato, by Diog. Laertius] |
162 | Can we understand an individual soul without knowing the soul in general? [Plato] |
326 | For relaxation one can consider the world of change, instead of eternal things [Plato] |
160 | The highest ability in man is the ability to discuss unity and plurality in the nature of things [Plato] |
1642 | We must fight fiercely for knowledge, understanding and intelligence [Plato] |
315 | Philosophy is the supreme gift of the gods to mortals [Plato] |
370 | Philosophy is a purification of the soul ready for the afterlife [Plato] |
23767 | The winds of the discussion should decide its destination [Plato] |
15447 | We shouldn't always follow where the argument leads! [Lewis on Plato] |
125 | Is a gifted philosopher unmanly if he avoids the strife of the communal world? [Plato] |
2056 | Philosophers are always switching direction to something more interesting [Plato] |
13876 | The syntactic category is primary, and the ontological category is derivative [Frege, by Wright,C] |
2083 | Either a syllable is its letters (making parts as knowable as whole) or it isn't (meaning it has no parts) [Plato] |
2086 | Understanding mainly involves knowing the elements, not their combinations [Plato] |
166 | A speaker should be able to divide a subject, right down to the limits of divisibility [Plato] |
16123 | Whenever you perceive a community of things, you should also hunt out differences in the group [Plato] |
23682 | It would be absurd to be precise about the small things, but only vague about the big things [Plato] |
8415 | Never lose sight of the distinction between concept and object [Frege] |
9841 | Frege was the first to give linguistic answers to non-linguistic questions [Frege, by Dummett] |
9840 | Frege initiated linguistic philosophy, studying number through the sense of sentences [Frege, by Dummett] |
22270 | Frege changed philosophy by extending logic's ability to check the grounds of thinking [Potter on Frege] |
15948 | Frege developed formal systems to avoid unnoticed assumptions [Frege, by Lavine] |
1645 | The desire to split everything into its parts is unpleasant and unphilosophical [Plato] |
243 | It is foolish to quarrel with the mind's own reasoning processes [Plato] |
224 | When questions are doubtful we should concentrate not on objects but on ideas of the intellect [Plato] |
350 | In investigation the body leads us astray, but the soul gets a clear view of the facts [Plato] |
10804 | Thoughts have a natural order, to which human thinking is drawn [Frege, by Yablo] |
241 | We ought to follow where the argument leads us [Plato] |
9832 | Frege sees no 'intersubjective' category, between objective and subjective [Dummett on Frege] |
8414 | Keep the psychological and subjective separate from the logical and objective [Frege] |
7740 | There exists a realm, beyond objects and ideas, of non-spatio-temporal thoughts [Frege, by Weiner] |
2082 | A rational account is essentially a weaving together of things with names [Plato] |
362 | The greatest misfortune for a person is to develop a dislike for argument [Plato] |
21264 | Mortals are incapable of being fully rational [Plato] |
8939 | We should not describe human laws of thought, but how to correctly track truth [Frege, by Fisher] |
306 | Nothing can come to be without a cause [Plato] |
192 | Only one thing can be contrary to something [Plato] |
232 | Opposites are as unlike as possible [Plato] |
13778 | A dialectician is someone who knows how to ask and to answer questions [Plato] |
23891 | Two contradictories force us to find a relation which will correlate them [Plato, by Weil] |
2151 | Dialectic is the only method of inquiry which uproots the things which it takes for granted [Plato] |
2154 | The ability to take an overview is the distinguishing mark of a dialectician [Plato] |
4011 | For Plato, rationality is a vision of and love of a cosmic rational order [Plato, by Taylor,C] |
287 | Good analysis involves dividing things into appropriate forms without confusion [Plato] |
8937 | Plato's 'Parmenides' is the greatest artistic achievement of the ancient dialectic [Hegel on Plato] |
1644 | Dialectic should only be taught to those who already philosophise well [Plato] |
1654 | In "Gorgias" Socrates is confident that his 'elenchus' will decide moral truth [Vlastos on Plato] |
4321 | We should test one another, by asking and answering questions [Plato] |
2093 | You must never go against what you actually believe [Plato] |
20478 | In discussion a person's opinions are shown to be in conflict, leading to calm self-criticism [Plato] |
2130 | People often merely practice eristic instead of dialectic, because they don't analyse the subject-matter [Plato] |
2052 | Eristic discussion is aggressive, but dialectic aims to help one's companions in discussion [Plato] |
16125 | To reveal a nature, divide down, and strip away what it has in common with other things [Plato] |
16124 | No one wants to define 'weaving' just for the sake of weaving [Plato] |
9821 | A definition need not capture the sense of an expression - just get the reference right [Frege, by Dummett] |
13886 | Later Frege held that definitions must fix a function's value for every possible argument [Frege, by Wright,C] |
16877 | A 'constructive' (as opposed to 'analytic') definition creates a new sign [Frege] |
15854 | A primary element has only a name, and no logos, but complexes have an account, by weaving the names [Plato] |
9844 | Originally Frege liked contextual definitions, but later preferred them fully explicit [Frege, by Dummett] |
9822 | Nothing should be defined in terms of that to which it is conceptually prior [Frege, by Dummett] |
9845 | We can't define a word by defining an expression containing it, as the remaining parts are a problem [Frege] |
11219 | Frege suggested that mathematics should only accept stipulative definitions [Frege, by Gupta] |
10019 | Only what is logically complex can be defined; what is simple must be pointed to [Frege] |
17495 | Proof aims to remove doubts, but also to show the interdependence of truths [Frege] |
16878 | We must be clear about every premise and every law used in a proof [Frege] |
8632 | You can't transfer external properties unchanged to apply to ideas [Frege] |
19466 | The word 'true' seems to be unique and indefinable [Frege] |
251 | Truth has the supreme value, for both gods and men [Plato] |
8187 | Frege was strongly in favour of taking truth to attach to propositions [Frege, by Dummett] |
22317 | Truth does not admit of more and less [Frege] |
13881 | We need to grasp not number-objects, but the states of affairs which make number statements true [Frege, by Wright,C] |
13776 | Truths say of what is that it is, falsehoods say of what is that it is not [Plato] |
19465 | There cannot be complete correspondence, because ideas and reality are quite different [Frege] |
19468 | The property of truth in 'It is true that I smell violets' adds nothing to 'I smell violets' [Frege] |
18806 | Frege thought traditional categories had psychological and linguistic impurities [Frege, by Rumfitt] |
2145 | In mathematics certain things have to be accepted without further explanation [Plato] |
9154 | Frege agreed with Euclid that the axioms of logic and mathematics are known through self-evidence [Frege, by Burge] |
9585 | Since every definition is an equation, one cannot define equality itself [Frege] |
4971 | I don't use 'subject' and 'predicate' in my way of representing a judgement [Frege] |
17745 | For Frege, 'All A's are B's' means that the concept A implies the concept B [Frege, by Walicki] |
13455 | Frege did not think of himself as working with sets [Frege, by Hart,WD] |
9157 | The null set is only defensible if it is the extension of an empty concept [Frege, by Burge] |
9835 | It is because a concept can be empty that there is such a thing as the empty class [Frege, by Dummett] |
16895 | The null set is indefensible, because it collects nothing [Frege, by Burge] |
14238 | A class is an aggregate of objects; if you destroy them, you destroy the class; there is no empty class [Frege] |
9854 | We can introduce new objects, as equivalence classes of objects already known [Frege, by Dummett] |
9883 | Frege introduced the standard device, of defining logical objects with equivalence classes [Frege, by Dummett] |
18104 | Frege, unlike Russell, has infinite individuals because numbers are individuals [Frege, by Bostock] |
9834 | A class is, for Frege, the extension of a concept [Frege, by Dummett] |
3328 | Frege proposed a realist concept of a set, as the extension of a predicate or concept or function [Frege, by Benardete,JA] |
15845 | It seems absurd that seeing a person's limbs, the one is many, and yet the many are one [Plato] |
7728 | Frege has a judgement stroke (vertical, asserting or judging) and a content stroke (horizontal, expressing) [Frege, by Weiner] |
16881 | The laws of logic are boundless, so we want the few whose power contains the others [Frege] |
7622 | In 1879 Frege developed second order logic [Frege, by Putnam] |
9179 | Frege frequently expressed a contempt for language [Frege, by Dummett] |
16867 | Logic not only proves things, but also reveals logical relations between them [Frege] |
16863 | Does some mathematical reasoning (such as mathematical induction) not belong to logic? [Frege] |
16862 | The closest subject to logic is mathematics, which does little apart from drawing inferences [Frege] |
13473 | Frege thinks there is an independent logical order of the truths, which we must try to discover [Frege, by Hart,WD] |
7729 | Frege replaced Aristotle's subject/predicate form with function/argument form [Frege, by Weiner] |
8645 | Convert "Jupiter has four moons" into "the number of Jupiter's moons is four" [Frege] |
4975 | A thought can be split in many ways, so that different parts appear as subject or predicate [Frege] |
8490 | First-level functions have objects as arguments; second-level functions take functions as arguments [Frege] |
8492 | Relations are functions with two arguments [Frege] |
3319 | Frege gives a functional account of predication so that we can dispense with predicates [Frege, by Benardete,JA] |
6076 | For Frege, predicates are names of functions that map objects onto the True and False [Frege, by McGinn] |
16891 | Despite Gödel, Frege's epistemic ordering of all the truths is still plausible [Frege, by Burge] |
16906 | The primitive simples of arithmetic are the essence, determining the subject, and its boundaries [Frege, by Jeshion] |
16865 | 'Theorems' are both proved, and used in proofs [Frege] |
13777 | A name is a sort of tool [Plato] |
13790 | A name-giver might misname something, then force other names to conform to it [Plato] |
13791 | Things must be known before they are named, so it can't be the names that give us knowledge [Plato] |
8447 | In 'Etna is higher than Vesuvius' the whole of Etna, including all the lava, can't be the reference [Frege] |
18772 | We can treat designation by a few words as a proper name [Frege] |
14075 | Proper name in modal contexts refer obliquely, to their usual sense [Frege, by Gibbard] |
10424 | A Fregean proper name has a sense determining an object, instead of a concept [Frege, by Sainsbury] |
18773 | People may have different senses for 'Aristotle', like 'pupil of Plato' or 'teacher of Alexander' [Frege] |
8448 | Any object can have many different names, each with a distinct sense [Frege] |
13789 | Anyone who knows a thing's name also knows the thing [Plato] |
4978 | The meaning of a proper name is the designated object [Frege] |
10510 | Frege ascribes reference to incomplete expressions, as well as to singular terms [Frege, by Hale] |
18937 | If sentences have a 'sense', empty name sentences can be understood that way [Frege, by Sawyer] |
18940 | It is a weakness of natural languages to contain non-denoting names [Frege] |
18939 | In a logically perfect language every well-formed proper name designates an object [Frege] |
13733 | Frege considered definite descriptions to be genuine singular terms [Frege, by Fitting/Mendelsohn] |
9950 | A quantifier is a second-level predicate (which explains how it contributes to truth-conditions) [Frege, by George/Velleman] |
9991 | For Frege the variable ranges over all objects [Frege, by Tait] |
10536 | Frege's domain for variables is all objects, but modern interpretations first fix the domain [Dummett on Frege] |
9871 | Frege always, and fatally, neglected the domain of quantification [Dummett on Frege] |
7730 | Frege introduced quantifiers for generality [Frege, by Weiner] |
7742 | Frege reduced most quantifiers to 'everything' combined with 'not' [Frege, by McCullogh] |
9874 | Contradiction arises from Frege's substitutional account of second-order quantification [Dummett on Frege] |
14236 | Each horse doesn't fall under the concept 'horse that draws the carriage', because all four are needed [Oliver/Smiley on Frege] |
13824 | Proof theory began with Frege's definition of derivability [Frege, by Prawitz] |
13609 | Frege produced axioms for logic, though that does not now seem the natural basis for logic [Frege, by Kaplan] |
16884 | Basic truths of logic are not proved, but seen as true when they are understood [Frege, by Burge] |
9462 | Frege is intensionalist about reference, as it is determined by sense; identity of objects comes first [Frege, by Jacquette] |
18936 | Frege moved from extensional to intensional semantics when he added the idea of 'sense' [Frege, by Sawyer] |
22294 | We can show that a concept is consistent by producing something which falls under it [Frege] |
16886 | The truth of an axiom must be independently recognisable [Frege] |
17624 | To understand axioms you must grasp their logical power and priority [Frege, by Burge] |
16866 | Tracing inference backwards closes in on a small set of axioms and postulates [Frege] |
16868 | The essence of mathematics is the kernel of primitive truths on which it rests [Frege] |
16871 | A truth can be an axiom in one system and not in another [Frege] |
16870 | Axioms are truths which cannot be doubted, and for which no proof is needed [Frege] |
6007 | If you know your father, but don't recognise your father veiled, you know and don't know the same person [Eubulides, by Dancy,R] |
11259 | How can you seek knowledge of something if you don't know it? [Plato] |
13986 | Plato found antinomies in ideas, Kant in space and time, and Bradley in relations [Plato, by Ryle] |
14150 | Plato's 'Parmenides' is perhaps the best collection of antinomies ever made [Russell on Plato] |
6006 | If you say truly that you are lying, you are lying [Eubulides, by Dancy,R] |
6008 | Removing one grain doesn't destroy a heap, so a heap can't be destroyed [Eubulides, by Dancy,R] |
16869 | To create order in mathematics we need a full system, guided by patterns of inference [Frege] |
8726 | Geometry can lead the mind upwards to truth and philosophy [Plato] |
9867 | It is absurd to define a circle, but not be able to recognise a real one [Plato] |
9886 | Cardinals say how many, and reals give measurements compared to a unit quantity [Frege] |
18256 | Quantity is inconceivable without the idea of addition [Frege] |
8640 | We cannot define numbers from the idea of a series, because numbers must precede that [Frege] |
18252 | Real numbers are ratios of quantities, such as lengths or masses [Frege] |
18253 | I wish to go straight from cardinals to reals (as ratios), leaving out the rationals [Frege] |
9889 | Real numbers are ratios of quantities [Frege, by Dummett] |
9838 | Treating 0 as a number avoids antinomies involving treating 'nobody' as a person [Frege, by Dummett] |
9564 | For Frege 'concept' and 'extension' are primitive, but 'zero' and 'successor' are defined [Frege, by Chihara] |
10551 | If objects exist because they fall under a concept, 0 is the object under which no objects fall [Frege, by Dummett] |
8653 | Nought is the number belonging to the concept 'not identical with itself' [Frege] |
8636 | We can say 'a and b are F' if F is 'wise', but not if it is 'one' [Frege] |
8654 | One is the Number which belongs to the concept "identical with 0" [Frege] |
8641 | You can abstract concepts from the moon, but the number one is not among them [Frege] |
9989 | Units can be equal without being identical [Tait on Frege] |
17429 | Frege says only concepts which isolate and avoid arbitrary division can give units [Frege, by Koslicki] |
17427 | Frege's 'isolation' could be absence of overlap, or drawing conceptual boundaries [Frege, by Koslicki] |
17437 | Non-arbitrary division means that what falls under the concept cannot be divided into more of the same [Frege, by Koslicki] |
17438 | Our concepts decide what is countable, as in seeing the leaves of the tree, or the foliage [Frege, by Koslicki] |
17426 | A concept creating a unit must isolate and unify what falls under it [Frege] |
17428 | Frege says counting is determining what number belongs to a given concept [Frege, by Koslicki] |
15916 | Frege's one-to-one correspondence replaces well-ordering, because infinities can't be counted [Frege, by Lavine] |
17446 | Counting rests on one-one correspondence, of numerals to objects [Frege] |
9582 | Husserl rests sameness of number on one-one correlation, forgetting the correlation with numbers themselves [Frege] |
13155 | If you add one to one, which one becomes two, or do they both become two? [Plato] |
9865 | Daily arithmetic counts unequal things, but pure arithmetic equalises them [Plato] |
10034 | The number of natural numbers is not a natural number [Frege, by George/Velleman] |
18271 | We can't prove everything, but we can spell out the unproved, so that foundations are clear [Frege] |
16883 | Arithmetical statements can't be axioms, because they are provable [Frege, by Burge] |
16864 | If principles are provable, they are theorems; if not, they are axioms [Frege] |
17855 | It may be possible to define induction in terms of the ancestral relation [Frege, by Wright,C] |
10625 | Frege had a motive to treat numbers as objects, but not a justification [Hale/Wright on Frege] |
9975 | Frege ignored Cantor's warning that a cardinal set is not just a concept-extension [Tait on Frege] |
10020 | Frege's biggest error is in not accounting for the senses of number terms [Hodes on Frege] |
17460 | A statement of number contains a predication about a concept [Frege] |
16890 | Frege's problem is explaining the particularity of numbers by general laws [Frege, by Burge] |
8630 | Individual numbers are best derived from the number one, and increase by one [Frege] |
11029 | 'Exactly ten gallons' may not mean ten things instantiate 'gallon' [Rumfitt on Frege] |
10013 | Numerical statements have first-order logical form, so must refer to objects [Frege, by Hodes] |
18181 | The Number for F is the extension of 'equal to F' (or maybe just F itself) [Frege] |
18103 | Numbers are objects because they partake in identity statements [Frege, by Bostock] |
13871 | Frege claims that numbers are objects, as opposed to them being Fregean concepts [Frege, by Wright,C] |
13872 | Numbers are second-level, ascribing properties to concepts rather than to objects [Frege, by Wright,C] |
9816 | For Frege, successor was a relation, not a function [Frege, by Dummett] |
9953 | Numbers are more than just 'second-level concepts', since existence is also one [Frege, by George/Velleman] |
9954 | "Number of x's such that ..x.." is a functional expression, yielding a name when completed [Frege, by George/Velleman] |
10139 | Frege gives an incoherent account of extensions resulting from abstraction [Fine,K on Frege] |
10028 | For Frege the number of F's is a collection of first-level concepts [Frege, by George/Velleman] |
17636 | A cardinal number may be defined as a class of similar classes [Frege, by Russell] |
9586 | In a number-statement, something is predicated of a concept [Frege] |
10029 | Numbers need to be objects, to define the extension of the concept of each successor to n [Frege, by George/Velleman] |
9973 | The number of F's is the extension of the second level concept 'is equipollent with F' [Frege, by Tait] |
16500 | Frege showed that numbers attach to concepts, not to objects [Frege, by Wiggins] |
9990 | Frege replaced Cantor's sets as the objects of equinumerosity attributions with concepts [Frege, by Tait] |
7738 | Zero is defined using 'is not self-identical', and one by using the concept of zero [Frege, by Weiner] |
23456 | Frege said logical predication implies classes, which are arithmetical objects [Frege, by Morris,M] |
13887 | Frege started with contextual definition, but then switched to explicit extensional definition [Frege, by Wright,C] |
13897 | Each number, except 0, is the number of the concept of all of its predecessors [Frege, by Wright,C] |
9856 | Frege's account of cardinals fails in modern set theory, so they are now defined differently [Dummett on Frege] |
9902 | Frege's incorrect view is that a number is an equivalence class [Benacerraf on Frege] |
17814 | The natural number n is the set of n-membered sets [Frege, by Yourgrau] |
17819 | A set doesn't have a fixed number, because the elements can be seen in different ways [Yourgrau on Frege] |
17820 | If you can subdivide objects many ways for counting, you can do that to set-elements too [Yourgrau on Frege] |
3331 | If '5' is the set of all sets with five members, that may be circular, and you can know a priori if the set has content [Benardete,JA on Frege] |
9949 | There is the concept, the object falling under it, and the extension (a set, which is also an object) [Frege, by George/Velleman] |
10623 | Frege defined number in terms of extensions of concepts, but needed Basic Law V to explain extensions [Frege, by Hale/Wright] |
10553 | A number is a class of classes of the same cardinality [Frege, by Dummett] |
9956 | 'The number of Fs' is the extension (a collection of first-level concepts) of the concept 'equinumerous with F' [Frege, by George/Velleman] |
13527 | Frege's cardinals (equivalences of one-one correspondences) is not permissible in ZFC [Frege, by Wolf,RS] |
22292 | Hume's Principle fails to implicitly define numbers, because of the Julius Caesar [Frege, by Potter] |
17442 | Frege thinks number is fundamentally bound up with one-one correspondence [Frege, by Heck] |
11030 | The words 'There are exactly Julius Caesar moons of Mars' are gibberish [Rumfitt on Frege] |
10030 | 'Julius Caesar' isn't a number because numbers inherit properties of 0 and successor [Frege, by George/Velleman] |
8690 | From within logic, how can we tell whether an arbitrary object like Julius Caesar is a number? [Frege, by Friend] |
10219 | Frege said 2 is the extension of all pairs (so Julius Caesar isn't 2, because he's not an extension) [Frege, by Shapiro] |
13889 | Fregean numbers are numbers, and not 'Caesar', because they correlate 1-1 [Frege, by Wright,C] |
18142 | One-one correlations imply normal arithmetic, but don't explain our concept of a number [Frege, by Bostock] |
9046 | Our definition will not tell us whether or not Julius Caesar is a number [Frege] |
16896 | If numbers can be derived from logic, then set theory is superfluous [Frege, by Burge] |
8639 | If numbers are supposed to be patterns, each number can have many patterns [Frege] |
9863 | We aim for elevated discussion of pure numbers, not attaching them to physical objects [Plato] |
9864 | In pure numbers, all ones are equal, with no internal parts [Plato] |
8727 | Geometry is not an activity, but the study of unchanging knowledge [Plato] |
10216 | We master arithmetic by knowing all the numbers in our soul [Plato] |
16150 | One is, so numbers exist, so endless numbers exist, and each one must partake of being [Plato] |
13874 | Numbers seem to be objects because they exactly fit the inference patterns for identities [Frege] |
13875 | Frege's platonism proposes that objects are what singular terms refer to [Frege, by Wright,C] |
7731 | How can numbers be external (one pair of boots is two boots), or subjective (and so relative)? [Frege, by Weiner] |
7737 | Identities refer to objects, so numbers must be objects [Frege, by Weiner] |
8635 | Numbers are not physical, and not ideas - they are objective and non-sensible [Frege] |
8652 | Numbers are objects, because they can take the definite article, and can't be plurals [Frege] |
9580 | Our concepts recognise existing relations, they don't change them [Frege] |
9589 | Numbers are not real like the sea, but (crucially) they are still objective [Frege] |
17816 | Frege's logicism aimed at removing the reliance of arithmetic on intuition [Frege, by Yourgrau] |
9831 | Geometry appeals to intuition as the source of its axioms [Frege] |
9861 | The same thing is both one and an unlimited number at the same time [Plato] |
8633 | There is no physical difference between two boots and one pair of boots [Frege] |
9577 | The naďve view of number is that it is like a heap of things, or maybe a property of a heap [Frege] |
9999 | For science, we can translate adjectival numbers into noun form [Frege] |
9951 | It appears that numbers are adjectives, but they don't apply to a single object [Frege, by George/Velleman] |
9952 | Numerical adjectives are of the same second-level type as the existential quantifier [Frege, by George/Velleman] |
11031 | 'Jupiter has many moons' won't read as 'The number of Jupiter's moons equals the number many' [Rumfitt on Frege] |
8637 | The number 'one' can't be a property, if any object can be viewed as one or not one [Frege] |
7739 | Arithmetic is analytic [Frege, by Weiner] |
9945 | Logicism shows that no empirical truths are needed to justify arithmetic [Frege, by George/Velleman] |
8782 | Frege offered a Platonist version of logicism, committed to cardinal and real numbers [Frege, by Hale/Wright] |
13608 | Mathematics has no special axioms of its own, but follows from principles of logic (with definitions) [Frege, by Bostock] |
16905 | Arithmetic must be based on logic, because of its total generality [Frege, by Jeshion] |
5658 | Numbers are definable in terms of mapping items which fall under concepts [Frege, by Scruton] |
8655 | Arithmetic is analytic and a priori, and thus it is part of logic [Frege] |
16880 | Frege aimed to discover the logical foundations which justify arithmetical judgements [Frege, by Burge] |
8689 | Eventually Frege tried to found arithmetic in geometry instead of in logic [Frege, by Friend] |
8487 | Arithmetic is a development of logic, so arithmetical symbolism must expand into logical symbolism [Frege] |
18165 | My Basic Law V is a law of pure logic [Frege] |
18166 | The loss of my Rule V seems to make foundations for arithmetic impossible [Frege] |
10607 | Frege's logic has a hierarchy of object, property, property-of-property etc. [Frege, by Smith,P] |
10831 | Frege only managed to prove that arithmetic was analytic with a logic that included set-theory [Quine on Frege] |
13864 | Frege's platonism and logicism are in conflict, if logic must dictates an infinity of objects [Wright,C on Frege] |
10033 | Why should the existence of pure logic entail the existence of objects? [George/Velleman on Frege] |
10010 | Frege's belief in logicism and in numerical objects seem uncomfortable together [Hodes on Frege] |
9545 | Late in life Frege abandoned logicism, and saw the source of arithmetic as geometrical [Frege, by Chihara] |
9631 | Formalism fails to recognise types of symbols, and also meta-games [Frege, by Brown,JR] |
9887 | Formalism misunderstands applications, metatheory, and infinity [Frege, by Dummett] |
8751 | Only applicability raises arithmetic from a game to a science [Frege] |
9875 | Frege was completing Bolzano's work, of expelling intuition from number theory and analysis [Frege, by Dummett] |
8642 | Abstraction from things produces concepts, and numbers are in the concepts [Frege] |
8621 | Mental states are irrelevant to mathematics, because they are vague and fluctuating [Frege] |
11008 | Existence is not a first-order property, but the instantiation of a property [Frege, by Read] |
8643 | Affirmation of existence is just denial of zero [Frege] |
19470 | Thoughts in the 'third realm' cannot be sensed, and do not need an owner to exist [Frege] |
229 | The one was and is and will be and was becoming and is becoming and will become [Plato] |
324 | Before the existence of the world there must have been being, space and becoming [Plato] |
20364 | The apprehensions of reason remain unchanging, but reasonless sensation shows mere becoming [Plato] |
9862 | To become rational, philosophers must rise from becoming into being [Plato] |
11278 | What does 'that which is not' refer to? [Plato] |
1643 | If statements about non-existence are logically puzzling, so are statements about existence [Plato] |
21818 | Being depends on the Good, which is not itself being, but superior to being [Plato] |
21821 | Plato's Parmenides has a three-part theory, of Primal One, a One-Many, and a One-and-Many [Plato, by Plotinus] |
5657 | Frege's logic showed that there is no concept of being [Frege, by Scruton] |
8911 | If abstracta are non-mental, quarks are abstracta, and yet chess and God's thoughts are mental [Rosen on Frege] |
8634 | The equator is imaginary, but not fictitious; thought is needed to recognise it [Frege] |
18899 | Frege takes the existence of horses to be part of their concept [Frege, by Sommers] |
7022 | To be is to have a capacity, to act on other things, or to receive actions [Plato] |
18995 | Frege mistakenly takes existence to be a property of concepts, instead of being about things [Frege, by Yablo] |
2061 | The best things (gods, healthy bodies, good souls) are least liable to change [Plato] |
2060 | There seem to be two sorts of change: alteration and motion [Plato] |
2063 | How can beauty have identity if it changes? [Plato] |
17443 | Many of us find Frege's claim that truths depend on one another an obscure idea [Heck on Frege] |
17445 | Parallelism is intuitive, so it is more fundamental than sameness of direction [Frege, by Heck] |
10539 | Frege refers to 'concrete' objects, but they are no different in principle from abstract ones [Frege, by Dummett] |
9578 | If objects are just presentation, we get increasing abstraction by ignoring their properties [Frege] |
14503 | If a mixture does not contain measure and proportion, it is corrupted and destroyed [Plato] |
15857 | Any mixture which lacks measure and proportion doesn't even count as a mixture at all [Plato] |
7953 | Reasoning needs to cut nature accurately at the joints [Plato] |
221 | Absolute ideas, such as the Good and the Beautiful, cannot be known by us [Plato] |
6562 | Plato's reality has unchanging Parmenidean forms, and Heraclitean flux [Plato, by Fogelin] |
1641 | Some alarming thinkers think that only things which you can touch exist [Plato] |
19471 | A fact is a thought that is true [Frege] |
17431 | Vagueness is incomplete definition [Frege, by Koslicki] |
10784 | Whenever there's speech it has to be about something [Plato] |
13879 | For Frege, ontological questions are to be settled by reference to syntactic structures [Frege, by Wright,C] |
10642 | Second-order quantifiers are committed to concepts, as first-order commits to objects [Frege, by Linnebo] |
13775 | We only succeed in cutting if we use appropriate tools, not if we approach it randomly [Plato] |
16121 | I revere anyone who can discern a single thing that encompasses many things [Plato] |
21347 | If Simmias is taller than Socrates, that isn't a feature that is just in Simmias [Plato] |
14502 | Plato's idea of 'structure' tends to be mathematically expressed [Plato, by Koslicki] |
10032 | 'Ancestral' relations are derived by iterating back from a given relation [Frege, by George/Velleman] |
10606 | Frege treats properties as a kind of function, and maybe a property is its characteristic function [Frege, by Smith,P] |
4028 | Frege allows either too few properties (as extensions) or too many (as predicates) [Mellor/Oliver on Frege] |
10317 | It is unclear whether Frege included qualities among his abstract objects [Frege, by Hale] |
10533 | We can't get a semantics from nouns and predicates referring to the same thing [Frege, by Dummett] |
223 | If you deny that each thing always stays the same, you destroy the possibility of discussion [Plato] |
2142 | The plurality of beautiful things must belong to a single class, because they have a single particular character [Plato] |
153 | It takes a person to understand, by using universals, and by using reason to create a unity out of sense-impressions [Plato] |
227 | You must always mean the same thing when you utter the same name [Plato] |
1607 | Diotima said the Forms are the objects of desire in philosophical discourse [Plato, by Roochnik] |
3039 | When Diogenes said he could only see objects but not their forms, Plato said it was because he had eyes but no intellect [Plato, by Diog. Laertius] |
2159 | Craftsmen making furniture refer to the form, but no one manufactures the form of furniture [Plato] |
210 | It would be absurd to think there were abstract Forms for vile things like hair, mud and dirt [Plato] |
220 | The concept of a master includes the concept of a slave [Plato] |
360 | We must have a prior knowledge of equality, if we see 'equal' things and realise they fall short of it [Plato] |
17948 | Plato's Forms meant that the sophists only taught the appearance of wisdom and virtue [Plato, by Nehamas] |
16122 | Good thinkers spot forms spread through things, or included within some larger form [Plato] |
5094 | Plato's Forms are said to have no location in space [Plato, by Aristotle] |
154 | We would have an overpowering love of knowledge if we had a pure idea of it - as with the other Forms [Plato] |
211 | If admirable things have Forms, maybe everything else does as well [Plato] |
219 | If absolute ideas existed in us, they would cease to be absolute [Plato] |
228 | Greatness and smallness must exist, to be opposed to one another, and come into being in things [Plato] |
20906 | Platonists argue for the indivisible triangle-in-itself [Plato, by Aristotle] |
12043 | Forms are not universals, as they don't cover every general term [Plato, by Annas] |
16151 | Plato moves from Forms to a theory of genera and principles in his later work [Plato, by Frede,M] |
10422 | The not-beautiful is part of the beautiful, though opposed to it, and is just as real [Plato] |
12042 | Plato's Forms were seen as part of physics, rather than of metaphysics [Plato, by Annas] |
307 | Something will always be well-made if the maker keeps in mind the eternal underlying pattern [Plato] |
318 | In addition to the underlying unchanging model and a changing copy of it, there must also be a foundation of all change [Plato] |
321 | For knowledge and true opinion to be different there must be Forms; otherwise we are just stuck with sensations [Plato] |
1 | There is only one source for all beauty [Plato] |
368 | Other things are named after the Forms because they participate in them [Plato] |
304 | Beautiful things must be different from beauty itself, but beauty itself must be present in each of them [Plato] |
556 | If there is one Form for both the Form and its participants, they must have something in common [Aristotle on Plato] |
317 | The universe is basically an intelligible and unchanging model, and a visible and changing copy of it [Plato] |
4447 | If the good is one, is it unchanged when it is in particulars, and is it then separated from itself? [Plato] |
215 | If things partake of ideas, this implies either that everything thinks, or that everything actually is thought [Plato] |
212 | The whole idea of each Form must be found in each thing which participates in it [Plato] |
218 | Participation is not by means of similarity, so we are looking for some other method of participation [Plato] |
17 | A Form applies to a set of particular things with the same name [Plato] |
213 | Each idea is in all its participants at once, just as daytime is a unity but in many separate places at once [Plato] |
216 | If things are made alike by participating in something, that thing will be the absolute idea [Plato] |
217 | Nothing can be like an absolute idea, because a third idea intervenes to make them alike (leading to a regress) [Plato] |
190 | If asked whether justice itself is just or unjust, you would have to say that it is just [Plato] |
563 | If gods are like men, they are just eternal men; similarly, Forms must differ from particulars [Aristotle on Plato] |
214 | If absolute greatness and great things are seen as the same, another thing appears which makes them seem great [Plato] |
12122 | Plato mistakenly thought forms were totally abstracted away from matter [Bacon on Plato] |
5574 | Plato's Forms not only do not come from the senses, but they are beyond possibility of sensing [Plato, by Kant] |
565 | The Forms cannot be changeless if they are in changing things [Aristotle on Plato] |
557 | A Form is a cause of things only in the way that white mixed with white is a cause [Aristotle on Plato] |
9607 | The greatest discovery in human thought is Plato's discovery of abstract objects [Brown,JR on Plato] |
8647 | Not all objects are spatial; 4 can still be an object, despite lacking spatial co-ordinates [Frege] |
10309 | Frege says singular terms denote objects, numerals are singular terms, so numbers exist [Frege, by Hale] |
10550 | Frege establishes abstract objects independently from concrete ones, by falling under a concept [Frege, by Dummett] |
18269 | Logical objects are extensions of concepts, or ranges of values of functions [Frege] |
8785 | For Frege, objects just are what singular terms refer to [Frege, by Hale/Wright] |
10278 | Without concepts we would not have any objects [Frege, by Shapiro] |
8489 | The concept 'object' is too simple for analysis; unlike a function, it is an expression with no empty place [Frege] |
10535 | Frege's 'objects' are both the referents of proper names, and what predicates are true or false of [Frege, by Dummett] |
9877 | Late Frege saw his non-actual objective objects as exclusively thoughts and senses [Frege, by Dummett] |
13263 | We can grasp whole things in science, because they have a mathematics and a teleology [Plato, by Koslicki] |
17432 | Frege's universe comes already divided into objects [Frege, by Koslicki] |
13787 | Doesn't each thing have an essence, just as it has other qualities? [Plato] |
15855 | If we see everything as separate, we can then give no account of it [Plato] |
13261 | Plato sees an object's structure as expressible in mathematics [Plato, by Koslicki] |
13265 | Plato was less concerned than Aristotle with the source of unity in a complex object [Plato, by Koslicki] |
15851 | Parts must belong to a created thing with a distinct form [Plato] |
15856 | A thing can become one or many, depending on how we talk about it [Plato] |
593 | Plato's holds that there are three substances: Forms, mathematical entities, and perceptible bodies [Plato, by Aristotle] |
9891 | The first demand of logic is of a sharp boundary [Frege] |
9388 | Every concept must have a sharp boundary; we cannot allow an indeterminate third case [Frege] |
15846 | In Parmenides, if composition is identity, a whole is nothing more than its parts [Plato, by Harte,V] |
374 | If one object is divided into its parts, someone can then say that one are many and many is one [Plato] |
15849 | Plato says only a one has parts, and a many does not [Plato, by Harte,V] |
15850 | Anything which has parts must be one thing, and parts are of a one, not of a many [Plato] |
2084 | If a word has no parts and has a single identity, it turns out to be the same kind of thing as a letter [Plato] |
15844 | A sum is that from which nothing is lacking, which is a whole [Plato] |
15843 | The whole can't be the parts, because it would be all of the parts, which is the whole [Plato] |
13260 | Plato says wholes are either containers, or they're atomic, or they don't exist [Plato, by Koslicki] |
13259 | It seems that the One must be composed of parts, which contradicts its being one [Plato] |
11237 | Only universals have essence [Plato, by Politis] |
13774 | Things don't have every attribute, and essence isn't private, so each thing has an essence [Plato] |
21259 | To grasp a thing we need its name, its definition, and what it really is [Plato] |
11238 | Plato and Aristotle take essence to make a thing what it is [Plato, by Politis] |
13772 | Is the being or essence of each thing private to each person? [Plato] |
16516 | The ship which Theseus took to Crete is now sent to Delos crowned with flowers [Plato] |
16022 | The idea of a criterion of identity was introduced by Frege [Frege, by Noonan] |
11100 | Frege's algorithm of identity is the law of putting equals for equals [Frege, by Quine] |
4893 | Frege was asking how identities could be informative [Frege, by Perry] |
12153 | Geach denies Frege's view, that 'being the same F' splits into being the same and being F [Perry on Frege] |
3318 | Frege made identity a logical notion, enshrined above all in the formula 'for all x, x=x' [Frege, by Benardete,JA] |
15847 | Two things relate either as same or different, or part of a whole, or the whole of the part [Plato] |
9853 | Identity between objects is not a consequence of identity, but part of what 'identity' means [Frege, by Dummett] |
13788 | If we made a perfect duplicate of Cratylus, there would be two Cratyluses [Plato] |
2133 | Knowledge must be of the permanent unchanging nature of things [Plato] |
16120 | Knowing how to achieve immortality is pointless without the knowledge how to use immortality [Plato] |
2080 | Things are only knowable if a rational account (logos) is possible [Plato] |
16126 | Expertise is knowledge of the whole by means of the parts [Plato] |
17623 | To understand a thought you must understand its logical structure [Frege, by Burge] |
16885 | To understand a thought, understand its inferential connections to other thoughts [Frege, by Burge] |
20184 | The only real evil is loss of knowledge [Plato] |
20219 | True opinions only become really valuable when they are tied down by reasons [Plato] |
20185 | The most important things in life are wisdom and knowledge [Plato] |
2050 | It is impossible to believe something which is held to be false [Plato] |
2076 | How can a belief exist if its object doesn't exist? [Plato] |
389 | How can you be certain about aspects of the world if they aren't constant? [Plato] |
9158 | For Frege a priori knowledge derives from general principles, so numbers can't be primitive [Frege] |
16887 | Frege's concept of 'self-evident' makes no reference to minds [Frege, by Burge] |
8657 | Mathematicians just accept self-evidence, whether it is logical or intuitive [Frege] |
5985 | Seeking and learning are just recollection [Plato] |
5986 | The slave boy learns geometry from questioning, not teaching, so it is recollection [Plato] |
357 | People are obviously recollecting when they react to a geometrical diagram [Plato] |
359 | If we feel the inadequacy of a resemblance, we must recollect the original [Plato] |
5961 | The soul gets its goodness from god, and its evil from previous existence. [Plato] |
16894 | An apriori truth is grounded in generality, which is universal quantification [Frege, by Burge] |
9352 | An a priori truth is one derived from general laws which do not require proof [Frege] |
16889 | A truth is a priori if it can be proved entirely from general unproven laws [Frege] |
9343 | To achieve pure knowledge, we must get rid of the body and contemplate things with the soul [Plato] |
2514 | Frege tried to explain synthetic a priori truths by expanding the concept of analyticity [Frege, by Katz] |
2045 | Perception is infallible, suggesting that it is knowledge [Plato] |
2067 | Our senses could have been separate, but they converge on one mind [Plato] |
2068 | With what physical faculty do we perceive pairs of opposed abstract qualities? [Plato] |
2078 | You might mistake eleven for twelve in your senses, but not in your mind [Plato] |
1637 | A soul without understanding is ugly [Plato] |
2162 | If theory and practice conflict, the best part of the mind accepts theory, so the other part is of lower grade [Plato] |
2069 | Thought must grasp being itself before truth becomes possible [Plato] |
151 | True knowledge is of the reality behind sense experience [Plato] |
334 | Only bird-brained people think astronomy is entirely a matter of evidence [Plato] |
16900 | Intuitions cannot be communicated [Frege, by Burge] |
1923 | As a guide to action, true opinion is as good as knowledge [Plato] |
2089 | An inadequate rational account would still not justify knowledge [Plato] |
2140 | True belief without knowledge is like blind people on the right road [Plato] |
174 | True opinion without reason is midway between wisdom and ignorance [Plato] |
2085 | Parts and wholes are either equally knowable or equally unknowable [Plato] |
2091 | Without distinguishing marks, how do I know what my beliefs are about? [Plato] |
2087 | A rational account might be seeing an image of one's belief, like a reflection in a mirror [Plato] |
2090 | A rational account involves giving an image, or analysis, or giving a differentiating mark [Plato] |
2081 | Maybe primary elements can be named, but not receive a rational account [Plato] |
16903 | Justifications show the ordering of truths, and the foundation is what is self-evident [Frege, by Jeshion] |
2088 | A rational account of a wagon would mean knowledge of its hundred parts [Plato] |
11052 | Psychological logic can't distinguish justification from causes of a belief [Frege] |
303 | Say how many teeth the other has, then count them. If you are right, we will trust your other claims [Plato] |
13792 | There can't be any knowledge if things are constantly changing [Plato] |
2047 | What evidence can be brought to show whether we are dreaming or not? [Plato] |
1919 | You don't need to learn what you know, and how do you seek for what you don't know? [Plato] |
335 | Do the gods also hold different opinions about what is right and honourable? [Plato] |
2054 | Clearly some people are superior to others when it comes to medicine [Plato] |
2053 | If you claim that all beliefs are true, that includes beliefs opposed to your own [Plato] |
2059 | How can a relativist form opinions about what will happen in the future? [Plato] |
165 | If the apparent facts strongly conflict with probability, it is in everyone's interests to suppress the facts [Plato] |
16882 | The building blocks contain the whole contents of a discipline [Frege] |
8624 | Induction is merely psychological, with a principle that it can actually establish laws [Frege] |
8626 | In science one observation can create high probability, while a thousand might prove nothing [Frege] |
17085 | A good explanation totally rules out the opposite explanation (so Forms are required) [Plato, by Ruben] |
15859 | To investigate the causes of things, study what is best for them [Plato] |
8648 | Ideas are not spatial, and don't have distances between them [Frege] |
2096 | Is the function of the mind management, authority and planning - or is it one's whole way of life? [Plato] |
13781 | Soul causes the body to live, and gives it power to breathe and to be revitalized [Plato] |
6009 | Psychic conflict is clear if appetite is close to the body and reason fairly separate [Plato, by Modrak] |
6041 | There is a third element to the mind - spirit - lying between reason and appetite [Plato] |
9296 | The soul is self-motion [Plato] |
5962 | Plato says the soul is ordered by number [Plato, by Plutarch] |
21260 | Soul is what is defined by 'self-generating motion' [Plato] |
2127 | The mind has parts, because we have inner conflicts [Plato] |
1737 | The soul seems to have an infinity of parts [Aristotle on Plato] |
13154 | Do we think and experience with blood, air or fire, or could it be our brain? [Plato] |
191 | Everything resembles everything else up to a point [Plato] |
276 | My individuality is my soul, which carries my body around [Plato] |
364 | One soul can't be more or less of a soul than another [Plato] |
180 | We call a person the same throughout life, but all their attributes change [Plato] |
181 | Only the gods stay unchanged; we replace our losses with similar acquisitions [Plato] |
330 | No one wants to be bad, but bad men result from physical and educational failures, which they do not want or choose [Plato] |
19469 | We grasp thoughts (thinking), decide they are true (judgement), and manifest the judgement (assertion) [Frege] |
8620 | Thought is the same everywhere, and the laws of thought do not vary [Frege] |
9581 | Many people have the same thought, which is the component, not the private presentation [Frege] |
8162 | Thoughts have their own realm of reality - 'sense' (as opposed to the realm of 'reference') [Frege, by Dummett] |
9818 | A thought is distinguished from other things by a capacity to be true or false [Frege, by Dummett] |
23997 | Plato saw emotions and appetites as wild horses, in need of taming [Plato, by Goldie] |
1651 | Plato wanted to somehow control and purify the passions [Vlastos on Plato] |
18265 | We don't judge by combining subject and concept; we get a concept by splitting up a judgement [Frege] |
16379 | Thoughts about myself are understood one way to me, and another when communicated [Frege] |
16876 | We need definitions to cram retrievable sense into a signed receptacle [Frege] |
16875 | We use signs to mark receptacles for complex senses [Frege] |
9870 | Early Frege takes the extensions of concepts for granted [Frege, by Dummett] |
13878 | Concepts are, precisely, the references of predicates [Frege, by Wright,C] |
7736 | A concept is a non-psychological one-place function asserting something of an object [Frege, by Weiner] |
17430 | Fregean concepts have precise boundaries and universal applicability [Frege, by Koslicki] |
8622 | Psychological accounts of concepts are subjective, and ultimately destroy truth [Frege] |
9947 | Concepts are the ontological counterparts of predicative expressions [Frege, by George/Velleman] |
10319 | An assertion about the concept 'horse' must indirectly speak of an object [Frege, by Hale] |
8488 | A concept is a function whose value is always a truth-value [Frege] |
18752 | 'The concept "horse"' denotes a concept, yet seems also to denote an object [Frege, by McGee] |
9839 | Frege equated the concepts under which an object falls with its properties [Frege, by Dummett] |
9190 | A concept is a function mapping objects onto truth-values, if they fall under the concept [Frege, by Dummett] |
13665 | Frege took the study of concepts to be part of logic [Frege, by Shapiro] |
9948 | Unlike objects, concepts are inherently incomplete [Frege, by George/Velleman] |
8651 | A concept is a possible predicate of a singular judgement [Frege] |
4973 | As I understand it, a concept is the meaning of a grammatical predicate [Frege] |
9846 | Defining 'direction' by parallelism doesn't tell you whether direction is a line [Dummett on Frege] |
9976 | Frege accepts abstraction to the concept of all sets equipollent to a given one [Tait on Frege] |
10803 | Frege himself abstracts away from tone and color [Yablo on Frege] |
9988 | If we abstract 'from' two cats, the units are not black or white, or cats [Tait on Frege] |
9579 | Disregarding properties of two cats still leaves different objects, but what is now the difference? [Frege] |
9587 | How do you find the right level of inattention; you eliminate too many or too few characteristics [Frege] |
9890 | The modern account of real numbers detaches a ratio from its geometrical origins [Frege] |
9855 | Frege's logical abstaction identifies a common feature as the maximal set of equivalent objects [Frege, by Dummett] |
10802 | Frege's 'parallel' and 'direction' don't have the same content, as we grasp 'parallel' first [Yablo on Frege] |
10525 | Frege put the idea of abstraction on a rigorous footing [Frege, by Fine,K] |
10526 | Fregean abstraction creates concepts which are equivalences between initial items [Frege, by Fine,K] |
10556 | We create new abstract concepts by carving up the content in a different way [Frege] |
9882 | You can't simultaneously fix the truth-conditions of a sentence and the domain of its variables [Dummett on Frege] |
9881 | From basing 'parallel' on identity of direction, Frege got all abstractions from identity statements [Frege, by Dummett] |
5816 | Frege said concepts were abstract entities, not mental entities [Frege, by Putnam] |
9588 | Number-abstraction somehow makes things identical without changing them! [Frege] |
11846 | If we abstract the difference between two houses, they don't become the same house [Frege] |
9167 | Frege felt that meanings must be public, so they are abstractions rather than mental entities [Frege, by Putnam] |
9583 | Psychological logicians are concerned with sense of words, but mathematicians study the reference [Frege] |
9584 | Identity baffles psychologists, since A and B must be presented differently to identify them [Frege] |
22318 | Frege failed to show when two sets of truth-conditions are equivalent [Frege, by Potter] |
7307 | A thought is not psychological, but a condition of the world that makes a sentence true [Frege, by Miller,A] |
4980 | The meaning (reference) of a sentence is its truth value - the circumstance of it being true or false [Frege] |
16879 | A sign won't gain sense just from being used in sentences with familiar components [Frege] |
8646 | Words in isolation seem to have ideas as meanings, but words have meaning in propositions [Frege] |
7732 | Never ask for the meaning of a word in isolation, but only in the context of a proposition [Frege] |
8446 | We understand new propositions by constructing their sense from the words [Frege] |
9180 | Holism says all language use is also a change in the rules of language [Frege, by Dummett] |
4981 | The reference of a word should be understood as part of the reference of the sentence [Frege] |
15597 | Frege's Puzzle: from different semantics we infer different reference for two names with the same reference [Frege, by Fine,K] |
17002 | Frege's 'sense' is ambiguous, between the meaning of a designator, and how it fixes reference [Kripke on Frege] |
18778 | Every descriptive name has a sense, but may not have a reference [Frege] |
7805 | Frege started as anti-realist, but the sense/reference distinction led him to realism [Frege, by Benardete,JA] |
4976 | The meaning (reference) of 'evening star' is the same as that of 'morning star', but not the sense [Frege] |
4977 | In maths, there are phrases with a clear sense, but no actual reference [Frege] |
4979 | We are driven from sense to reference by our desire for truth [Frege] |
8449 | Senses can't be subjective, because propositions would be private, and disagreement impossible [Frege] |
15155 | Expressions always give ways of thinking of referents, rather than the referents themselves [Frege, by Soames] |
4972 | I may regard a thought about Phosphorus as true, and the same thought about Hesperus as false [Frege] |
22280 | Frege's account was top-down and decompositional, not bottom-up and compositional [Frege, by Potter] |
7309 | Frege's 'sense' is the strict and literal meaning, stripped of tone [Frege, by Miller,A] |
7312 | 'Sense' solves the problems of bearerless names, substitution in beliefs, and informativeness [Frege, by Miller,A] |
11126 | 'Sense' gives meaning to non-referring names, and to two expressions for one referent [Frege, by Margolis/Laurence] |
8164 | Frege was the first to construct a plausible theory of meaning [Frege, by Dummett] |
9817 | Earlier Frege focuses on content itself; later he became interested in understanding content [Frege, by Dummett] |
8171 | Frege divided the meaning of a sentence into sense, force and tone [Frege, by Dummett] |
4954 | Frege uses 'sense' to mean both a designator's meaning, and the way its reference is determined [Kripke on Frege] |
7304 | Frege explained meaning as sense, semantic value, reference, force and tone [Frege, by Miller,A] |
4974 | For all the multiplicity of languages, mankind has a common stock of thoughts [Frege] |
16873 | Thoughts are not subjective or psychological, because some thoughts are the same for us all [Frege] |
16872 | A thought is the sense expressed by a sentence, and is what we prove [Frege] |
19467 | A 'thought' is something for which the question of truth can arise; thoughts are senses of sentences [Frege] |
16874 | The parts of a thought map onto the parts of a sentence [Frege] |
19472 | A sentence is only a thought if it is complete, and has a time-specification [Frege] |
9370 | A statement is analytic if substitution of synonyms can make it a logical truth [Frege, by Boghossian] |
8743 | Frege considered analyticity to be an epistemic concept [Frege, by Shapiro] |
7725 | 'P or not-p' seems to be analytic, but does not fit Kant's account, lacking clear subject or predicate [Frege, by Weiner] |
20295 | All analytic truths can become logical truths, by substituting definitions or synonyms [Frege, by Rey] |
7316 | Analytic truths are those that can be demonstrated using only logic and definitions [Frege, by Miller,A] |
2515 | Frege fails to give a concept of analyticity, so he fails to explain synthetic a priori truth that way [Katz on Frege] |
114 | Rhetoric can produce conviction, but not educate people about right and wrong [Plato] |
3324 | Plato's whole philosophy may be based on being duped by reification - a figure of speech [Benardete,JA on Plato] |
5946 | 'Phaedrus' pioneers the notion of philosophical rhetoric [Lawson-Tancred on Plato] |
5945 | The 'Republic' is a great work of rhetorical theory [Lawson-Tancred on Plato] |
159 | Only a good philosopher can be a good speaker [Plato] |
158 | An excellent speech seems to imply a knowledge of the truth in the mind of the speaker [Plato] |
283 | The question of whether or not to persuade comes before the science of persuasion [Plato] |
116 | Rhetoric is irrational about its means and its ends [Plato] |
135 | All activity aims at the good [Plato] |
23316 | For Plato and Aristotle there is no will; there is only rational desire for what is seen as good [Plato, by Frede,M] |
16 | We avoid evil either through a natural aversion, or because we have acquired knowledge [Plato] |
203 | Courage is knowing what should or shouldn't be feared [Plato] |
1655 | If goodness needs true opinion but not knowledge, you can skip the 'examined life' [Vlastos on Plato] |
4026 | Beauty is harmony with what is divine, and ugliness is lack of such harmony [Plato] |
390 | If goodness involves moderation and proportion, then it seems to be found in beauty [Plato] |
299 | What is fine is always difficult [Plato] |
172 | Love of ugliness is impossible [Plato] |
173 | Beauty and goodness are the same [Plato] |
155 | Beauty is the clearest and most lovely of the Forms [Plato] |
249 | People who value beauty above virtue insult the soul by placing the body above it [Plato] |
183 | Stage two is the realisation that beauty of soul is of more value than beauty of body [Plato] |
184 | Progress goes from physical beauty, to moral beauty, to the beauty of knowledge, and reaches absolute beauty [Plato] |
282 | Non-physical beauty can only be shown clearly by speech [Plato] |
171 | Music is a knowledge of love in the realm of harmony and rhythm [Plato] |
316 | Music has harmony like the soul, and serves to reorder disharmony within us [Plato] |
16565 | Without the surface decoration, poetry shows only appearances and nothing of what is real [Plato] |
2160 | Representation is two steps removed from the truth [Plato] |
2163 | Artists should be excluded from a law-abiding community, because they destroy the rational mind [Plato] |
2135 | Truth is closely related to proportion [Plato] |
297 | What is fine is the parent of goodness [Plato] |
168 | To understand morality requires a soul [Plato] |
2141 | I suggest that we forget about trying to define goodness itself for the time being [Plato] |
302 | What knowledge is required to live well? [Plato] |
1869 | The good cannot be expressed in words, but imprints itself upon the soul [Plato, by Celsus] |
7503 | Plato never refers to examining the conscience [Plato, by Foucault] |
143 | The two ruling human principles are the natural desire for pleasure, and an acquired love of virtue [Plato] |
4115 | Plato found that he could only enforce rational moral justification by creating an authoritarian society [Williams,B on Plato] |
122 | Moral rules are made by the weak members of humanity [Plato] |
2173 | As religion and convention collapsed, Plato sought morals not just in knowledge, but in the soul [Williams,B on Plato] |
4547 | Plato measured the degree of reality by the degree of value [Nietzsche on Plato] |
2095 | If something has a function then it has a state of being good [Plato] |
2094 | A thing's function is what it alone can do, or what it does better than other things [Plato] |
2129 | Goodness is mental health, badness is mental sickness [Plato] |
1590 | The just man does not harm his enemies, but benefits everyone [Plato] |
179 | Love is desire for perpetual possession of the good [Plato] |
14177 | Love assists men in achieving merit and happiness [Plato] |
176 | Love follows beauty, wisdom is exceptionally beautiful, so love follows wisdom [Plato] |
139 | A good person is bound to act well, and this brings happiness [Plato] |
128 | Is it natural to simply indulge our selfish desires? [Plato] |
2168 | Clever criminals do well at first, but not in the long run [Plato] |
12 | If we were invisible, would the just man become like the unjust? [Plato] |
202 | No one willingly and knowingly embraces evil [Plato] |
2137 | The main aim is to understand goodness, which gives everything its value and advantage [Plato] |
2139 | Every person, and every activity, aims at the good [Plato] |
392 | Neither intellect nor pleasure are the good, because they are not perfect and self-sufficient [Plato] |
2143 | Good has the same role in the world of knowledge as the sun has in the physical world [Plato] |
2147 | The sight of goodness leads to all that is fine and true and right [Plato] |
4007 | For Plato we abandon honour and pleasure once we see the Good [Plato, by Taylor,C] |
295 | The good is beautiful [Plato] |
2144 | Goodness makes truth and knowledge possible [Plato] |
2164 | Bad is always destructive, where good preserves and benefits [Plato] |
391 | The good involves beauty, proportion and truth [Plato] |
393 | Good first, then beauty, then reason, then knowledge, then pleasure [Plato, by PG] |
9274 | Plato's legacy to European thought was the Good, the Beautiful and the True [Plato, by Gray] |
177 | If a person is good they will automatically become happy [Plato] |
301 | Only knowledge of some sort is good [Plato] |
2138 | Pleasure is commonly thought to be the good, though the more ingenious prefer knowledge [Plato] |
4322 | In slaking our thirst the goodness of the action and the pleasure are clearly separate [Plato] |
94 | Pleasure is better with the addition of intelligence, so pleasure is not the good [Plato, by Aristotle] |
136 | Good should be the aim of pleasant activity, not the other way round [Plato] |
2070 | Even people who think pleasure is the good admit that there are bad pleasures [Plato] |
265 | An action is only just if it is performed by someone with a just character and outlook [Plato] |
193 | Some things are good even though they are not beneficial to men [Plato] |
269 | Attempted murder is like real murder, but we should respect the luck which avoided total ruin [Plato] |
14178 | Happiness is secure enjoyment of what is good and beautiful [Plato] |
17947 | Plato decided that the virtuous and happy life was the philosophical life [Plato, by Nehamas] |
332 | One should exercise both the mind and the body, to avoid imbalance [Plato] |
385 | Some of the pleasures and pains we feel are false [Plato] |
387 | A small pure pleasure is much finer than a large one contaminated with pain [Plato] |
2157 | Nice smells are intensive, have no preceding pain, and no bad after-effect [Plato] |
371 | Reason, memory, truth and wisdom are far better than pleasure, for those who can attain them [Plato] |
157 | Most pleasure is release from pain, and is therefore not worthwhile [Plato] |
373 | Pleasure is certainly very pleasant, but it doesn't follow that all pleasures are good [Plato] |
379 | The good must be sufficient and perfect, and neither intellect nor pleasure are that [Plato] |
376 | Would you prefer a life of pleasure without reason, or one of reason without pleasure? [Plato] |
382 | It is unlikely that the gods feel either pleasure or pain [Plato] |
240 | It would be strange if the gods rewarded those who experienced the most pleasure in life [Plato] |
197 | Some pleasures are not good, and some pains are not evil [Plato] |
200 | People tend only to disapprove of pleasure if it leads to pain, or prevents future pleasure [Plato] |
2134 | Philosophers are concerned with totally non-physical pleasures [Plato] |
2156 | There are three types of pleasure, for reason, for spirit and for appetite [Plato] |
381 | We feel pleasure when we approach our natural state of harmony [Plato] |
134 | Good and bad people seem to experience equal amounts of pleasure and pain [Plato] |
386 | Intense pleasure and pain are not felt in a good body, but in a worthless one [Plato] |
328 | Everything that takes place naturally is pleasant [Plato] |
361 | It is a mistake to think that the most violent pleasure or pain is therefore the truest reality [Plato] |
2123 | Excessive pleasure deranges people, making the other virtues impossible [Plato] |
264 | The conquest of pleasure is the noblest victory of all [Plato] |
132 | If happiness is the satisfaction of desires, then a life of scratching itches should be happiness [Plato] |
2158 | Pleasure-seekers desperately seek illusory satisfaction, like filling a leaky vessel [Plato] |
4319 | In a fool's mind desire is like a leaky jar, insatiable in its desires, and order and contentment are better [Plato] |
2166 | We should behave well even if invisible, for the health of the mind [Plato] |
1636 | Wickedness is an illness of the soul [Plato] |
388 | Hedonists must say that someone in pain is bad, even if they are virtuous [Plato] |
130 | Is the happiest state one of sensual, self-indulgent freedom? [Plato] |
377 | If you lived a life of maximum pleasure, would you still be lacking anything? [Plato] |
378 | A life of pure pleasure with no intellect is the life of a jellyfish [Plato] |
2097 | Isn't it better to have a reputation for goodness than to actually be good? [Plato] |
19946 | Morality is a compromise, showing restraint, to avoid suffering wrong without compensation [Plato] |
5 | Justice is merely the interests of the stronger party [Plato] |
7 | Surely you don't return a borrowed weapon to a mad friend? [Plato] |
8 | Is right just the interests of the powerful? [Plato] |
15 | Sin first, then sacrifice to the gods from the proceeds [Plato] |
13785 | 'Arete' signifies lack of complexity and a free-flowing soul [Plato] |
6015 | Plato, unusually, said that theoretical and practical wisdom are inseparable [Plato, by Kraut] |
120 | Should we avoid evil because it will bring us bad consequences? [Plato] |
182 | The first step on the right path is the contemplation of physical beauty when young [Plato] |
170 | The only slavery which is not dishonourable is slavery to excellence [Plato] |
144 | Reason impels us towards excellence, which teaches us self-control [Plato] |
5944 | For Plato, virtue is its own reward [Lawson-Tancred on Plato] |
4332 | Virtue is a concord of reason and emotion, with pleasure and pain trained to correct ends [Plato] |
248 | A serious desire for moral excellence is very rare indeed [Plato] |
253 | Every crime is the result of excessive self-love [Plato] |
263 | The only worthwhile life is one devoted to physical and moral perfection [Plato] |
1913 | Is virtue taught, or achieved by practice, or a natural aptitude, or what? [Plato] |
1921 | If virtue is a type of knowledge then it ought to be taught [Plato] |
204 | Socrates is contradicting himself in claiming virtue can't be taught, but that it is knowledge [Plato] |
1927 | It seems that virtue is neither natural nor taught, but is a divine gift [Plato] |
189 | If we punish wrong-doers, it shows that we believe virtue can be taught [Plato] |
235 | Virtue is the aim of all laws [Plato] |
188 | Socrates did not believe that virtue could be taught [Plato] |
118 | I would rather be a victim of crime than a criminal [Plato] |
281 | The arts produce good and beautiful things by preserving the mean [Plato] |
305 | Something which lies midway between two evils is better than either of them [Plato] |
2155 | True goodness requires mental unity and harmony [Plato] |
277 | The Guardians must aim to discover the common element in the four cardinal virtues [Plato] |
1916 | Even if virtues are many and various, they must have something in common to make them virtues [Plato] |
1918 | How can you know part of virtue without knowing the whole? [Plato] |
2126 | A good community necessarily has wisdom, courage, self-discipline and morality [Plato] |
140 | Self-indulgent desire makes friendship impossible, because it makes a person incapable of co-operation [Plato] |
131 | If absence of desire is happiness, then nothing is happier than a stone or a corpse [Plato] |
254 | Excessive laughter and tears must be avoided [Plato] |
119 | A criminal is worse off if he avoids punishment [Plato] |
2092 | Simonides said morality is helping one's friends and harming one's enemies [Plato] |
266 | Injustice is the mastery of the soul by bad feelings, even if they do not lead to harm [Plato] |
23562 | If the parts of our soul do their correct work, we will be just people, and will act justly [Plato] |
129 | Do most people praise self-discipline and justice because they are too timid to gain their own pleasure? [Plato] |
293 | Being unafraid (perhaps through ignorance) and being brave are two different things [Plato] |
4320 | The popular view is that health is first, good looks second, and honest wealth third [Plato] |
242 | The best people are produced where there is no excess of wealth or poverty [Plato] |
256 | Virtue and great wealth are incompatible [Plato] |
351 | War aims at the acquisition of wealth, because we are enslaved to the body [Plato] |
294 | People say that friendship exists only between good men [Plato] |
156 | Bad people are never really friends with one another [Plato] |
2912 | Plato is boring [Nietzsche on Plato] |
19889 | People need society because the individual has too many needs [Plato] |
137 | As with other things, a good state is organised and orderly [Plato] |
19890 | All exchanges in a community are for mutual benefit [Plato] |
10 | After a taste of mutual harm, men make a legal contract to avoid it [Plato] |
23561 | People doing their jobs properly is the fourth cardinal virtue for a city [Plato] |
245 | Totalitarian states destroy friendships and community spirit [Plato] |
2149 | Reluctant rulers make a better and more unified administration [Plato] |
2132 | Only rule by philosophers of integrity can keep a community healthy [Plato] |
22559 | Democracy is the worst of good constitutions, but the best of bad constitutions [Plato, by Aristotle] |
141 | A good citizen won't be passive, but will redirect the needs of the state [Plato] |
239 | Education in virtue produces citizens who are active but obedient [Plato] |
2131 | Is there anything better for a community than to produce excellent people? [Plato] |
262 | Men and women should qualify equally for honours on merit [Plato] |
123 | Do most people like equality because they are second-rate? [Plato] |
1402 | Friendship is impossible between master and slave, even if they are made equal [Plato] |
124 | Does nature imply that it is right for better people to have greater benefits? [Plato] |
236 | Sound laws achieve the happiness of those who observe them [Plato] |
259 | Justice is granting the equality which unequals deserve [Plato] |
322 | Intelligence is the result of rational teaching; true opinion can result from irrational persuasion [Plato] |
2152 | Dialectic is the highest and most important part of the curriculum [Plato] |
257 | Mathematics has the widest application of any subject on the curriculum [Plato] |
2148 | To gain knowledge, turn away from the world of change, and focus on true goodness [Plato] |
8619 | To learn something, you must know that you don't know [Frege] |
331 | Bad governments prevent discussion, and discourage the study of virtue [Plato] |
238 | Children's games should channel their pleasures into adult activity [Plato] |
260 | Control of education is the key office of state, and should go to the best citizen [Plato] |
222 | Only a great person can understand the essence of things, and an even greater person can teach it [Plato] |
250 | The best way to educate the young is not to rebuke them, but to set a good example [Plato] |
4331 | Education is channelling a child's feelings into the right course before it understands why [Plato] |
2153 | Compulsory intellectual work never remains in the mind [Plato] |
1638 | Didactic education is hard work and achieves little [Plato] |
298 | While sex is very pleasant, it should be in secret, as it looks contemptible [Plato] |
311 | The cosmos must be unique, because it resembles the creator, who is unique [Plato] |
310 | The creator of the cosmos had no envy, and so wanted things to be as like himself as possible [Plato] |
275 | Creation is not for you; you exist for the sake of creation [Plato] |
225 | The unlimited has no shape and is endless [Plato] |
233 | Some things do not partake of the One [Plato] |
2062 | The only movement possible for the One is in space or in alteration [Plato] |
231 | Everything partakes of the One in some way [Plato] |
325 | We must consider the four basic shapes as too small to see, only becoming visible in large numbers [Plato] |
327 | There are two types of cause, the necessary and the divine [Plato] |
13156 | Fancy being unable to distinguish a cause from its necessary background conditions! [Plato] |
8656 | The laws of number are not laws of nature, but are laws of the laws of nature [Frege] |
314 | Heavenly movements gave us the idea of time, and caused us to inquire about the heavens [Plato] |
1526 | Almost everyone except Plato thinks that time could not have been generated [Plato, by Aristotle] |
312 | Time came into existence with the heavens, so that there will be a time when they can be dissolved [Plato] |
369 | If the Earth is spherical and in the centre, it is kept in place by universal symmetry, not by force [Plato] |
309 | Clearly the world is good, so its maker must have been concerned with the eternal, not with change [Plato] |
273 | Movement is transmitted through everything, and it must have started with self-generated motion [Plato] |
148 | If the prime origin is destroyed, it will not come into being again out of anything [Plato] |
308 | If the cosmos is an object of perception then it must be continually changing [Plato] |
13779 | The natural offspring of a lion is called a 'lion' (but what about the offspring of a king?) [Plato] |
279 | Only divine things can always stay the same, and bodies are not like that [Plato] |
13783 | Even the gods love play [Plato] |
175 | Gods are not lovers of wisdom, because they are already wise [Plato] |
152 | The mind of God is fully satisfied and happy with a vision of reality and truth [Plato] |
2630 | If Plato's God is immaterial, he will lack consciousness, wisdom, pleasure and movement, which are essential to him [Cicero on Plato] |
337 | It seems that the gods love things because they are pious, rather than making them pious by loving them [Plato] |
336 | Is what is pious loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because they love it? (the 'Euthyphro Question') [Plato] |
2058 | God must be the epitome of goodness, and we can only approach a divine state by being as good as possible [Plato] |
8004 | In 'The Laws', to obey the law is to be obey god [Plato, by MacIntyre] |
3307 | Frege put forward an ontological argument for the existence of numbers [Frege, by Benardete,JA] |
234 | We couldn't discuss the non-existence of the One without knowledge of it [Plato] |
7741 | The predicate 'exists' is actually a natural language expression for a quantifier [Frege, by Weiner] |
22286 | Existence is not a first-level concept (of God), but a second-level property of concepts [Frege, by Potter] |
8644 | Because existence is a property of concepts the ontological argument for God fails [Frege] |
8491 | The Ontological Argument fallaciously treats existence as a first-level concept [Frege] |
21258 | The only possible beginning for the endless motions of reality is something self-generated [Plato] |
21261 | Self-moving soul has to be the oldest thing there is [Plato] |
21257 | Self-generating motion is clearly superior to all other kinds of motion [Plato] |
274 | Soul must be the cause of all the opposites, such as good and evil or beauty and ugliness [Plato] |
21263 | If all the motions of nature reflect calculations of reason, then the best kind of soul must direct it [Plato] |
14 | If the gods are non-existent or indifferent, why bother to deceive them? [Plato] |
150 | We cannot conceive of God, so we have to think of Him as an immortal version of ourselves [Plato] |
149 | There isn't a single reason for positing the existence of immortal beings [Plato] |
278 | If astronomical movements are seen as necessary instead of by divine will, this leads to atheism [Plato] |
21265 | The heavens must be full of gods, controlling nature either externally or from within [Plato] |
21262 | There must be at least two souls controlling the cosmos, one doing good, the other the opposite [Plato] |
363 | Whether the soul pre-exists our body depends on whether it contains the ultimate standard of reality [Plato] |
146 | Soul is always in motion, so it must be self-moving and immortal [Plato] |
2165 | Something is unlikely to be immortal if it is imperfectly made from diverse parts [Plato] |
13 | Is the supreme reward for virtue to be drunk for eternity? [Plato] |
2057 | There must always be some force of evil ranged against good [Plato] |
2120 | God is responsible for the good things, but we must look elsewhere for the cause of the bad things [Plato] |