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Single Idea 13971
[filed under theme 9. Objects / D. Essence of Objects / 14. Knowledge of Essences
]
Full Idea
Kripke's first (good) route to the necessary a posteriori is based on the idea that certain properties of objects that they can be known to have only a posteriori, may be known a priori to be essential properties of anything that has them.
Gist of Idea
Kripke claims that some properties, only knowable posteriori, are known a priori to be essential
Source
report of Saul A. Kripke (Naming and Necessity lectures [1970]) by Scott Soames - Significance of the Kripkean Nec A Posteriori p.180
Book Ref
Soames,Scott: 'Philosophical Essays 2:Significance of Language' [Princeton 2009], p.180
A Reaction
Interesting, and a key issue. I think this is precisely where I disagree with the Kripkean view of necessities. Logicians want to know a priori what is essential for identity, but scientists want to know what makes things tick. See Kripke on pain.
The
90 ideas
from 'Naming and Necessity lectures'
14896
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Kripke's metaphysics (essences, kinds, rigidity) blocks the slide into sociology
[Kripke, by Ladyman/Ross]
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17647
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Kripke individuates objects by essential modal properties (and presupposes essentialism)
[Kripke, by Putnam]
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5450
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For Kripke, essence is origin; for Putnam, essence is properties; for Wiggins, essence is membership of a kind
[Kripke, by Mautner]
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16955
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Kripke says internal structure fixes species; I say it is genetic affinity and a common descent
[Kripke, by Dummett]
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13971
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Kripke claims that some properties, only knowable posteriori, are known a priori to be essential
[Kripke, by Soames]
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12100
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An essence is the necessary properties, derived from an intuitive identity, in origin, type and material
[Kripke, by Witt]
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11867
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If we lose track of origin, how do we show we are maintaining a reference?
[Kripke, by Wiggins]
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12018
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Kripke argues, of the Queen, that parents of an organism are essentially so
[Kripke, by Forbes,G]
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4797
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Instead of being regularities, maybe natural laws are the weak a posteriori necessities of Kripke
[Kripke, by Psillos]
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4728
|
Kripke separates necessary and a priori, proposing necessary a posteriori and contingent a priori examples
[Kripke, by O'Grady]
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13967
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Kripke's essentialist necessary a posteriori opened the gap between conceivable and really possible
[Soames on Kripke]
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13970
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Kripke gets to the necessary a posteriori by only allowing conceivability when combined with actuality
[Kripke, by Soames]
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7761
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Test for rigidity by inserting into the sentence 'N might not have been N'
[Kripke, by Lycan]
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7693
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Kripke avoids difficulties of transworld identity by saying it is a decision, not a discovery
[Kripke, by Jacquette]
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5821
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Saying that natural kinds are 'rigid designators' is the same as saying they are 'indexical'
[Kripke, by Putnam]
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14068
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If Kripke names must still denote a thing in a non-actual situation, the statue isn't its clay
[Gibbard on Kripke]
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10436
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A rigid expression may refer at a world to an object not existing in that world
[Kripke, by Sainsbury]
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2408
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Kripke has demonstrated that some necessary truths are only knowable a posteriori
[Kripke, by Chalmers]
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8259
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Kripke has breathed new life into the a priori/a posteriori distinction
[Kripke, by Lowe]
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13975
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Kripke was more successful in illuminating necessity than a priority (and their relations to analyticity)
[Kripke, by Soames]
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7430
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Kripke assumes that mind-brain identity designates rigidly, which it doesn't
[Armstrong on Kripke]
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7867
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If consciousness could separate from brain, then it cannot be identical with brain
[Kripke, by Papineau]
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3228
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Kripke says pain is necessarily pain, but a brain state isn't necessarily painful
[Kripke, by Rey]
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17874
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Kripke has a definitional account of kinds, but not of naming
[Almog on Kripke]
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16394
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Kripke derives accounts of reference and proper names from assumptions about worlds and essences
[Stalnaker on Kripke]
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5822
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The important cause is not between dubbing and current use, but between the item and the speaker's information
[Evans on Kripke]
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4689
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Kripke makes reference a largely social matter, external to the mind of the speaker
[Kripke, by McGinn]
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17504
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Kripke's theory is important because it gives a collective account of reference
[Kripke, by Putnam]
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6765
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Nominal essence may well be neither necessary nor sufficient for a natural kind
[Kripke, by Bird]
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16395
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Kripke separated semantics from metaphysics, rather than linking them, making the latter independent
[Kripke, by Stalnaker]
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10559
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Kripke's modal semantics presupposes certain facts about possible worlds
[Kripke, by Zalta]
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10437
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Names are rigid, making them unlike definite descriptions
[Kripke, by Sainsbury]
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8957
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Some references, such as 'Neptune', have to be fixed by description rather than baptism
[Kripke, by Szabó]
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10428
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Proper names must have referents, because they are not descriptive
[Kripke, by Sainsbury]
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11880
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Kripke says his necessary a posteriori examples are known a priori to be necessary
[Kripke, by Mackie,P]
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16990
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A priori = Necessary because we imagine all worlds, and we know without looking at actuality?
[Kripke]
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9386
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The meter is defined necessarily, but the stick being one meter long is contingent a priori
[Kripke]
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4953
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We do not begin with possible worlds and place objects in them; we begin with objects in the real world
[Kripke]
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16992
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Possible worlds aren't puzzling places to learn about, but places we ourselves describe
[Kripke]
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16993
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If we discuss what might have happened to Nixon, we stipulate that it is about Nixon
[Kripke]
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16998
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Transworld identification is unproblematic, because we stipulate that we rigidly refer to something
[Kripke]
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17001
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A table in some possible world should not even be identified by its essential properties
[Kripke]
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4952
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Identification across possible worlds does not need properties, even essential ones
[Kripke]
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16991
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No one seems to know the identity conditions for a material object (or for people) over time
[Kripke]
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16996
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Given that Nixon is indeed a human being, that he might not have been does not concern knowledge
[Kripke]
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16997
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An essential property is true of an object in any case where it would have existed
[Kripke]
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16995
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Given that a table is made of molecules, could it not be molecular and still be this table?
[Kripke]
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16988
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Descriptive reference shows how to refer, how to identify two things, and how to challenge existence
[Kripke, by PG]
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4948
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Intuition is the strongest possible evidence one can have about anything
[Kripke]
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16989
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Rather than 'a priori truth', it is best to stick to whether some person knows it on a priori evidence
[Kripke]
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4947
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A priori truths can be known independently of experience - but they don't have to be
[Kripke]
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4949
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Names are rigid designators, which designate the same object in all possible worlds
[Kripke]
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4951
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A bundle of qualities is a collection of abstractions, so it can't be a particular
[Kripke]
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16986
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That there might have been unicorns is false; we don't know the circumstances for unicorns
[Kripke]
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4955
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Some definitions aim to fix a reference rather than give a meaning
[Kripke]
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17034
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Analyses of concepts using entirely different terms are very inclined to fail
[Kripke]
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17031
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A name can still refer even if it satisfies none of its well-known descriptions
[Kripke]
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4958
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Identities like 'heat is molecule motion' are necessary (in the highest degree), not contingent
[Kripke]
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17033
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We may refer through a causal chain, but still change what is referred to
[Kripke]
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17029
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It can't be necessary that Aristotle had the properties commonly attributed to him
[Kripke]
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17035
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We refer through the community, going back to the original referent
[Kripke]
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17037
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Physical necessity may be necessity in the highest degree
[Kripke]
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17030
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Important properties of an object need not be essential to it
[Kripke]
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17036
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Identity statements can be contingent if they rely on descriptions
[Kripke]
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17038
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If Hesperus and Phosophorus are the same, they can't possibly be different
[Kripke]
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4961
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It is a necessary truth that Elizabeth II was the child of two particular parents
[Kripke]
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17047
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If we imagine this table made of ice or different wood, we are imagining a different table
[Kripke]
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17045
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De re modality is an object having essential properties
[Kripke]
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17055
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Atomic number 79 is part of the nature of the gold we know
[Kripke]
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17046
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Could the actual Queen have been born of different parents?
[Kripke]
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17056
|
Terms for natural kinds are very close to proper names
[Kripke]
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4963
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The properties that fix reference are contingent, the properties involving meaning are necessary
[Kripke]
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17053
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Gold's atomic number might not be 79, but if it is, could non-79 stuff be gold?
[Kripke]
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4964
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'Cats are animals' has turned out to be a necessary truth
[Kripke]
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4965
|
Science searches basic structures in search of essences
[Kripke]
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9387
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The scientific discovery (if correct) that gold has atomic number 79 is a necessary truth
[Kripke]
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17054
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Scientific discoveries about gold are necessary truths
[Kripke]
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17057
|
Once we've found that heat is molecular motion, then that's what it is, in all possible worlds
[Kripke]
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17050
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Tigers may lack all the properties we originally used to identify them
[Kripke]
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17051
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The original concept of 'cat' comes from paradigmatic instances
[Kripke]
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17049
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'Tiger' designates a species, and merely looking like the species is not enough
[Kripke]
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5832
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Identity must be necessary, but pain isn't necessarily a brain state, so they aren't identical
[Kripke, by Schwartz,SP]
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4968
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Identity theorists seem committed to no-brain-event-no-pain, and vice versa, which seems wrong
[Kripke]
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4967
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It seems logically possible to have the pain brain state without the actual pain
[Kripke]
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17048
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Analytic judgements are a priori, even when their content is empirical
[Kripke]
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4960
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"'Hesperus' is 'Phosphorus'" is necessarily true, if it is true, but not known a priori
[Kripke]
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4966
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Theoretical identities are between rigid designators, and so are necessary a posteriori
[Kripke]
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4959
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A name's reference is not fixed by any marks or properties of the referent
[Kripke]
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8274
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Socrates can't have a necessary origin, because he might have had no 'origin'
[Lowe on Kripke]
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14893
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Rigid designation creates a puzzle - why do some necessary truths appear to be contingent?
[Kripke, by Macià/Garcia-Carpentiro]
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