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Single Idea 16910
[filed under theme 6. Mathematics / C. Sources of Mathematics / 2. Intuition of Mathematics
]
Full Idea
We find that all mathematical knowledge has this peculiarity, that it must first exhibit its concept in intuition, and do so a priori, in an intuition that is not empirical but pure.
Gist of Idea
Mathematics can only start from an a priori intuition which is not empirical but pure
Source
Immanuel Kant (Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysic [1781], 281)
Book Ref
Kant,Immanuel: 'Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysic', ed/tr. Lucas,Peter G. [Manchester UP 1971], p.36
A Reaction
Later thinkers had grave doubts about this Kantian 'intuition', even if they though maths was known a priori. Personally I am increasing fan of rational intuition, even if I am not sure how to discern whether it is rational on any occasion.
The
449 ideas
from Immanuel Kant
12157
|
Kant gave form and status to aesthetics, and Hegel gave it content
[Kant, by Scruton]
|
20346
|
The aesthetic attitude is a matter of disinterestedness
[Kant, by Wollheim]
|
18547
|
Only rational beings can experience beauty
[Kant, by Scruton]
|
24170
|
Kant thinks beauty ignores its objects, because it is only 'form' engaging with mind
[Cochrane on Kant]
|
22711
|
The beautiful is not conceptualised as moral, but it symbolises or resembles goodness
[Kant, by Murdoch]
|
4025
|
Kant saw beauty as a sort of disinterested pleasure, which has become separate from the good
[Kant, by Taylor,C]
|
22046
|
The mathematical sublime is immeasurable greatness; the dynamical sublime is overpowering
[Kant, by Pinkard]
|
5643
|
Aesthetic values are not objectively valid, but we must treat them as if they are
[Kant, by Scruton]
|
24172
|
It is hard to see why we would have developed Kant's 'disinterested' aesthetic attitude
[Cochrane on Kant]
|
21458
|
The sublime is a moral experience
[Kant, by Gardner]
|
20410
|
The judgement of beauty is not cognitive, but relates, via imagination, to pleasurable feelings
[Kant]
|
20412
|
Beauty is only judged in pure contemplation, and not with something else at stake
[Kant]
|
20408
|
With respect to the senses, taste is an entirely personal matter
[Kant]
|
20409
|
When we judge beauty, it isn't just personal; we judge on behalf of everybody
[Kant]
|
20411
|
Saying everyone has their own taste destroys the very idea of taste
[Kant]
|
18239
|
What is contemplated must have a higher value than contemplation
[Kant, by Korsgaard]
|
22053
|
The Critique of Judgement aims for a principle that unities humanity and nature
[Kant, by Bowie]
|
18237
|
Without men creation would be in vain, and without final purpose
[Kant]
|
18238
|
Only a good will can give man's being, and hence the world, a final purpose
[Kant]
|
22052
|
Kant's nature is just a system of necessary laws
[Bowie on Kant]
|
8256
|
Kant identifies nature with the scientific picture of it as the realm of law
[Kant, by McDowell]
|
6916
|
For Kant, essence is mental and a mere idea, and existence is the senses and mere appearance
[Kant, by Feuerbach]
|
9755
|
The concept of causality entails laws; random causality is a contradiction
[Kant, by Korsgaard]
|
17709
|
We judge causation by relating events together by some law of nature
[Kant, by Mares]
|
19669
|
For Kant the laws must be necessary, because contingency would destroy representation
[Kant, by Meillassoux]
|
19672
|
Kant fails to prove the necessity of laws, because his reasoning about chance is over-ambitious
[Meillassoux on Kant]
|
8451
|
Existence is merely derived from the word 'is' (rather than being a predicate)
[Kant, by Orenstein]
|
3321
|
Modern logic says (with Kant) that existence is not a predicate, because it has been reclassified as a quantifier
[Benardete,JA on Kant]
|
13732
|
Kant never denied that 'exist' could be a predicate - only that it didn't enlarge concepts
[Kant, by Fitting/Mendelsohn]
|
7918
|
Kant turned metaphysics into epistemology, ignoring Aristotle's 'being qua being'
[Kant, by Macdonald,C]
|
21462
|
It is still possible to largely accept Kant as a whole (where others must be dismantled)
[Kant, by Gardner]
|
9752
|
Kant showed that theoretical reason cannot give answers to speculative metaphysics
[Kant, by Korsgaard]
|
6584
|
A priori metaphysics is fond of basic unchanging entities like God, the soul, Forms, atoms…
[Kant, by Fogelin]
|
18236
|
Reason keeps asking why until explanation is complete
[Kant, by Korsgaard]
|
12767
|
Kant exposed the illusions of reason in the Transcendental Dialectic
[Kant, by Fraassen]
|
8739
|
Geometry studies the Euclidean space that dictates how we perceive things
[Kant, by Shapiro]
|
9632
|
Kant only accepts potential infinity, not actual infinity
[Kant, by Brown,JR]
|
3343
|
Euclid's could be the only viable geometry, if rejection of the parallel line postulate doesn't lead to a contradiction
[Benardete,JA on Kant]
|
12421
|
Kant's intuitions struggle to judge relevance, impossibility and exactness
[Kitcher on Kant]
|
12458
|
Kant taught that mathematics is independent of logic, and cannot be grounded in it
[Kant, by Hilbert]
|
7416
|
Kant is read as the phenomena being 'contrained' by the noumenon, or 'free-floating'
[Talbot on Kant]
|
17772
|
Kant claims causal powers are relational rather than intrinsic
[Kant, by Bayne]
|
6160
|
Does Kant say the mind imposes categories, or that it restricts us to them?
[Rowlands on Kant]
|
7576
|
The Identity of Indiscernibles is true of concepts with identical properties, but not of particulars
[Kant, by Jolley]
|
23461
|
Kant thought worldly necessities are revealed by what maths needs to make sense
[Kant, by Morris,M]
|
14710
|
Necessity is always knowable a priori, and what is known a priori is always necessary
[Kant, by Schroeter]
|
16256
|
For Kant metaphysics must be necessary, so a priori, so can't be justified by experience
[Kant, by Maudlin]
|
20944
|
Knowledge is threefold: apprehension, reproduction by imagination, recognition by concepts
[Kant, by Bowie]
|
8734
|
Non-subject/predicate tautologies won't fit Kant's definition of analyticity
[Shapiro on Kant]
|
7314
|
How can bachelor 'contain' unmarried man? Are all analytic truths in subject-predicate form?
[Miller,A on Kant]
|
8735
|
Kant implies that concepts have analysable parts
[Kant, by Shapiro]
|
22004
|
Concepts are rules for combining representations
[Kant, by Pinkard]
|
7070
|
Kant says knowledge is when our representations sufficiently conform to our concepts
[Kant, by Critchley]
|
4708
|
Kant thought he had refuted scepticism, but his critics say he is a sceptic, for rejecting reality
[O'Grady on Kant]
|
6578
|
For Kant, experience is relative to a scheme, but there are no further possible schemes
[Kant, by Fogelin]
|
4086
|
Kant thought that consciousness depends on self-consciousness ('apperception')
[Kant, by Crane]
|
2869
|
Kant's only answer as to how synthetic a priori judgements are possible was that we have a 'faculty'!
[Nietzsche on Kant]
|
9751
|
To some extent we must view ourselves as noumena
[Kant, by Korsgaard]
|
9756
|
We must be free, because we can act against our strongest desires
[Kant, by Korsgaard]
|
8687
|
Kantian 'intuition' is the bridge between pure reason and its application to sense experiences
[Kant, by Friend]
|
21759
|
Kant deduced the categories from our judgements, and then as preconditions of experience
[Kant, by Houlgate]
|
19655
|
Kant says we can describe the categories of thought, but Hegel claims to deduce them
[Kant, by Meillassoux]
|
15627
|
Kant showed that the understanding (unlike reason) concerns what is finite and conditioned
[Kant, by Hegel]
|
16898
|
Understanding essentially involves singular elements
[Kant, by Burge]
|
22003
|
We have no sensual experience of time and space, so they must be 'ideal'
[Kant, by Pinkard]
|
21456
|
Objects having to be experiencable is not the same as full idealism
[Gardner on Kant]
|
6909
|
In Kantian idealism, objects fit understanding, not vice versa
[Kant, by Feuerbach]
|
6910
|
Kant's idealism is a limited idealism based on the viewpoint of empiricism
[Kant, by Feuerbach]
|
21440
|
For Kant experience is either structured like reality, or generates reality's structure
[Kant, by Gardner]
|
22006
|
The concepts that make judgeable experiences possible are created spontaneously
[Kant, by Pinkard]
|
9156
|
Kant's shift of view enables us to see a priority in terms of mental capacity, not truth and propositions
[Burge on Kant]
|
7575
|
A priori knowledge is limited to objects of possible experience
[Kant, by Jolley]
|
5404
|
Two plus two objects make four objects even if experience is impossible, so Kant is wrong
[Russell on Kant]
|
3342
|
Seeing that only one parallel can be drawn to a line through a given point is clearly synthetic a priori
[Kant, by Benardete,JA]
|
20943
|
Kant bases the synthetic a priori on the categories of oneness and manyness
[Kant, by Bowie]
|
5402
|
Kant showed that we have a priori knowledge which is not purely analytic
[Kant, by Russell]
|
5203
|
We can think of 7 and 5 without 12, but it is still a contradiction to deny 7+5=12
[Ayer on Kant]
|
5403
|
If, as Kant says, arithmetic and logic are contributed by us, they could change if we did
[Russell on Kant]
|
18262
|
For Kant analytic knowledge needs complex concepts, but the a priori can rest on the simple
[Coffa on Kant]
|
2774
|
Kant says the cognitive and sensory elements in experience can't be separated
[Kant, by Dancy,J]
|
22005
|
Associations and causes cannot explain content, which needs norms of judgement
[Kant, by Pinkard]
|
6577
|
For Kant, our conceptual scheme is disastrous when it reaches beyond experience
[Kant, by Fogelin]
|
8736
|
Kantian intuitions are of particulars, and they give immediate knowledge
[Kant, by Shapiro]
|
21439
|
Religion and legislation can only be respected if they accept free and public examination
[Kant]
|
18794
|
Logic has precise boundaries, and is the formal rules for all thinking
[Kant]
|
21438
|
Metaphysics might do better to match objects to our cognition (and not start with the objects)
[Kant]
|
9345
|
Propositions involving necessity are a priori, and pure a priori if they only derive from other necessities
[Kant]
|
12414
|
A priori knowledge occurs absolutely independently of all experience
[Kant]
|
16893
|
The apriori is independent of its sources, and marked by necessity and generality
[Kant, by Burge]
|
9346
|
Judgements which are essentially and strictly universal reveal our faculty of a priori cognition
[Kant]
|
9347
|
A priori knowledge is indispensable for the possibility and certainty of experience
[Kant]
|
5523
|
Causation obviously involves necessity, so it cannot just be frequent association
[Kant]
|
9348
|
Experienceless bodies have space; propertyless bodies have substance; this must be seen a priori
[Kant]
|
9349
|
A dove cutting through the air, might think it could fly better in airless space (which Plato attempted)
[Kant]
|
9350
|
Our reason mostly analyses concepts we already have of objects
[Kant]
|
9351
|
One sort of a priori knowledge just analyses given concepts, but another ventures further
[Kant]
|
20291
|
If the predicate is contained in the subject of a judgement, it is analytic; otherwise synthetic
[Kant]
|
20292
|
Analytic judgements clarify, by analysing the subject into its component predicates
[Kant]
|
18259
|
Analysis is becoming self-conscious about our concepts
[Kant]
|
5524
|
Maths must be a priori because it is necessary, and that cannot be derived from experience
[Kant]
|
5525
|
No analysis of the sum of seven and five will in itself reveal twelve
[Kant]
|
5527
|
That a straight line is the shortest is synthetic, as straight does not imply any quantity
[Kant]
|
5526
|
With large numbers it is obvious that we could never find the sum by analysing the concepts
[Kant]
|
5528
|
That force and counter-force are equal is necessary, and a priori synthetic
[Kant]
|
5529
|
The real problem of pure reason is: how are a priori synthetic judgments possible?
[Kant]
|
16611
|
You just can't stop metaphysical speculation, in any mature mind
[Kant]
|
5530
|
Analysis of our concepts is merely a preparation for proper a priori metaphysics
[Kant]
|
21442
|
'Transcendental' cognition concerns what can be known a priori of its mode
[Kant]
|
23454
|
Appearances have a 'form', which indicates a relational order
[Kant]
|
17736
|
We can't learn of space through experience; experience of space needs its representation
[Kant]
|
5531
|
Space is an a priori necessary basic intuition, as we cannot imagine its absence
[Kant]
|
5532
|
Colours and tastes are not qualities of things, but alterations of the subject
[Kant]
|
5533
|
Objects in themselves are not known to us at all
[Kant]
|
5534
|
One can never imagine appearances without time, so it is given a priori
[Kant]
|
5535
|
That times cannot be simultaneous is synthetic, so it is known by intuition, not analysis
[Kant]
|
5536
|
If space and time exist absolutely, we must assume the existence of two pointless non-entities
[Kant]
|
19386
|
Without the subject or the senses, space and time vanish, as their appearances disappear
[Kant]
|
21446
|
If we disappeared, then all relations of objects, and time and space themselves, disappear too
[Kant]
|
21445
|
Even the most perfect intuition gets no closer to things in themselves
[Kant]
|
5537
|
That two lines cannot enclose a space is an intuitive a priori synthetic proposition
[Kant]
|
5538
|
Understanding has no intuitions, and senses no thought, so knowledge needs their unity
[Kant]
|
17616
|
Thoughts without content are empty, intuitions without concepts are blind
[Kant]
|
5539
|
We must presuppose that truth is agreement of cognition with its objects
[Kant]
|
5540
|
Cleverness is shown in knowing what can reasonably be asked
[Kant]
|
5541
|
A sufficient but general sign of truth cannot possibly be provided
[Kant]
|
5542
|
There must be a general content-free account of truth in the rules of logic
[Kant]
|
5543
|
All human cognition is through concepts
[Kant]
|
22443
|
We are seldom aware of imagination, but we would have no cognition at all without it
[Kant]
|
5544
|
Four groups of categories of concept: Quantity, Quality, Relation and Modality
[Kant]
|
5545
|
Appearances give rules of what usually happens, but cause involves necessity
[Kant]
|
5546
|
Are a priori concepts necessary as a precondition for something to be an object?
[Kant]
|
5547
|
The categories are objectively valid, because they make experience possible
[Kant]
|
21449
|
The a priori concept of objects in general is the ground of experience
[Kant]
|
21448
|
Categories are general concepts of objects, which determine the way in which they are experienced
[Kant]
|
21450
|
Representation would be impossible without the 'I think' that accompanies it
[Kant]
|
5549
|
Mental representations would not be mine if they did not belong to a unified self-consciousness
[Kant]
|
5550
|
A substance could exist as a subject, but not as a mere predicate
[Kant]
|
5551
|
I have no cognition of myself as I am, but only as I appear to myself
[Kant]
|
23697
|
I exist just as an intelligence aware of its faculty for combination
[Kant]
|
5552
|
Categories are concepts that prescribe laws a priori to appearances
[Kant]
|
5553
|
Either experience creates concepts, or concepts make experience possible
[Kant]
|
5554
|
Categories are necessary, so can't be implanted in us to agree with natural laws
[Kant]
|
5555
|
Philosophical examples rarely fit rules properly, and lead to inflexibility
[Kant]
|
5556
|
A pure concept of the understanding can never become an image
[Kant]
|
8737
|
Kant suggested that arithmetic has no axioms
[Kant, by Shapiro]
|
5557
|
Axioms ought to be synthetic a priori propositions
[Kant]
|
2795
|
If 7+5=12 is analytic, then an infinity of other ways to reach 12 have to be analytic
[Kant, by Dancy,J]
|
5558
|
7+5=12 is not analytic, because 12 is not contained in 7 or 5 or their combination
[Kant]
|
5559
|
Sensations are a posteriori, but that they come in degrees is known a priori
[Kant]
|
5560
|
The three modes of time are persistence, succession and simultaneity
[Kant]
|
21451
|
All appearances need substance, as that which persists through change
[Kant]
|
5561
|
If time involved succession, we must think of another time in which succession occurs
[Kant]
|
5562
|
Experience is only possible because we subject appearances to causal laws
[Kant]
|
5563
|
The principle of sufficient reason is the ground of possible experience in time
[Kant]
|
14560
|
A ball denting a pillow seems like simultaneous cause and effect, though time identifies which is cause
[Kant]
|
5564
|
Substance must exist, as the persisting substratum of the process of change
[Kant]
|
5565
|
Proof of the principle of sufficient reason cannot be found
[Kant]
|
18796
|
Formal experience conditions show what is possible, and general conditions what is necessary
[Kant]
|
18797
|
Modalities do not augment our concepts; they express their relation to cognition
[Kant]
|
21452
|
I can only determine my existence in time via external things
[Kant]
|
5566
|
Is the possible greater than the actual, and the actual greater than the necessary?
[Kant]
|
8740
|
Geometry would just be an idle game without its connection to our intuition
[Kant]
|
17617
|
Maths is a priori, but without its relation to empirical objects it is meaningless
[Kant]
|
5567
|
A priori the understanding can only anticipate possible experiences
[Kant]
|
5568
|
We cannot know things in themselves, but are confined to appearances
[Kant]
|
5569
|
We cannot represent objects unless we combine concepts with intuitions
[Kant]
|
14509
|
If we ignore differences between water drops, we still distinguish them by their location
[Kant]
|
5570
|
Self-knowledge can only be inner sensation, and thus appearance
[Kant]
|
22274
|
'Transcendent' is beyond experience, and 'transcendental' is concealed within experience
[Kant, by Potter]
|
5571
|
Reason contains within itself certain underived concepts and principles
[Kant]
|
5572
|
Reason has logical and transcendental faculties
[Kant]
|
5573
|
Reason is distinct from understanding, and is the faculty of rules or principles
[Kant]
|
5575
|
An obvious idea is a constitution based on maximum mutual freedom for citizens
[Kant]
|
5576
|
We cannot derive moral laws from experience, as it is the mother of illusion
[Kant]
|
5577
|
Transcendental ideas require unity of the subject, conditions of appearance, and objects of thought
[Kant]
|
5578
|
Pure reason deals with concepts in the understanding, not with objects
[Kant]
|
5581
|
We have proved that bodies are appearances of the outer senses, not things in themselves
[Kant]
|
5582
|
As balls communicate motion, so substances could communicate consciousness, but not retain identity
[Kant]
|
5583
|
We need an account of the self based on rational principles, to avoid materialism
[Kant]
|
5584
|
All objections are dogmatic (against propositions), or critical (against proofs), or sceptical
[Kant]
|
5585
|
Soul and body connect physically, or by harmony, or by assistance
[Kant]
|
5586
|
The voyage of reason may go only as far as the coastline of experience reaches
[Kant]
|
2965
|
For Kant the self is a purely formal idea, not a substance
[Kant, by Lockwood]
|
5589
|
Neither materialism nor spiritualism can reveal the separate existence of the soul
[Kant]
|
5590
|
'I think therefore I am' is an identity, not an inference (as there is no major premise)
[Kant]
|
5591
|
Reason must assume as necessary that everything in a living organism has a proportionate purpose
[Kant]
|
5592
|
Scepticism is the euthanasia of pure reason
[Kant]
|
5593
|
Reason generates no concepts, but frees them from their link to experience in the understanding
[Kant]
|
5594
|
Natural necessity is the unconditioned necessity of appearances
[Kant]
|
21454
|
The battle of the antinomies is usually won by the attacker, and lost by any defender
[Kant]
|
5595
|
Scepticism is absurd in maths, where there are no hidden false assertions
[Kant]
|
5596
|
We must assume an absolute causal spontaneity beginning from itself
[Kant]
|
5597
|
If there is a first beginning, there can be other sequences initiated from nothing
[Kant]
|
5598
|
If you prove God cosmologically, by a regress in the sequences of causes, you can't abandon causes at the end
[Kant]
|
5599
|
Without God, creation and free will, morality would be empty
[Kant]
|
5600
|
Human reason considers all knowledge as belonging to a possible system
[Kant]
|
21956
|
Everything we intuit is merely a representation, with no external existence (Transcendental Idealism)
[Kant]
|
5601
|
There are possible inhabitants of the moon, but they are just possible experiences
[Kant]
|
5602
|
The free dialectic opposition of arguments is an invaluable part of the sceptical method
[Kant]
|
21455
|
We only understand what exists, and can find no sign of what ought to be in nature
[Kant]
|
5603
|
Pure reason exists outside of time
[Kant]
|
5604
|
In reason things can only begin if they are voluntary
[Kant]
|
5605
|
Moral blame is based on reason, since a reason is a cause which should have been followed
[Kant]
|
5606
|
Freedom and natural necessity do not contradict, as they relate to different conditions
[Kant]
|
5607
|
Only three proofs of God: the physico-theological (evidence), the cosmological (existence), the ontological (a priori)
[Kant]
|
18795
|
A concept is logically possible if non-contradictory (but may not be actually possible)
[Kant]
|
5608
|
Is "This thing exists" analytic or synthetic?
[Kant]
|
5609
|
If 'this exists' is analytic, either the thing is a thought, or you have presupposed its existence
[Kant]
|
5610
|
If an existential proposition is synthetic, you must be able to cancel its predicate without contradiction
[Kant]
|
5611
|
Being is not a real predicate, that adds something to a concept
[Kant]
|
5612
|
You add nothing to the concept of God or coins if you say they exist
[Kant]
|
4475
|
Saying a thing 'is' adds nothing to it - otherwise if my concept exists, it isn't the same as my concept
[Kant]
|
5613
|
The analytic mark of possibility is that it does not generate a contradiction
[Kant]
|
5615
|
Extension and impenetrability together make the concept of matter
[Kant]
|
5616
|
Pure reason is only concerned with itself because it deals with understandings, not objects
[Kant]
|
5617
|
Knowledge begins with intuitions, moves to concepts, and ends with ideas
[Kant]
|
16899
|
Geometrical truth comes from a general schema abstracted from a particular object
[Kant, by Burge]
|
18264
|
We know the shape of a cone from its concept, but we don't know its colour
[Kant]
|
5618
|
Definitions exhibit the exhaustive concept of a thing within its boundaries
[Kant]
|
5619
|
No a priori concept can be defined
[Kant]
|
5620
|
Philosophy has no axioms, as it is just rational cognition of concepts
[Kant]
|
5621
|
The existence of reason depends on the freedom of citizens to agree, doubt and veto ideas
[Kant]
|
5622
|
The boundaries of reason can only be determined a priori
[Kant]
|
5623
|
If I know the earth is a sphere, and I am on it, I can work out its area from a small part
[Kant]
|
5624
|
We possess synthetic a priori knowledge in our principles which anticipate experience
[Kant]
|
5626
|
An a priori principle of persistence anticipates all experience
[Kant]
|
23696
|
Transcendental cognition is that a priori thought which shows how the a priori is applicable or possible
[Kant]
|
5627
|
I can express the motion of my body in a single point, but that doesn't mean it is a simple substance
[Kant]
|
5628
|
Reason hates to be limited in its speculations
[Kant]
|
5629
|
If a proposition implies any false consequences, then it is false
[Kant]
|
5630
|
Our concept of an incorporeal nature is merely negative
[Kant]
|
5631
|
Reason is only interested in knowledge, actions and hopes
[Kant]
|
5632
|
Moral laws are commands, which must involve promises and threats, which only God could provide
[Kant]
|
5633
|
We don't accept duties as coming from God, but assume they are divine because they are duties
[Kant]
|
5634
|
Opinion is subjectively and objectively insufficient; belief is subjective but not objective; knowledge is both
[Kant]
|
5635
|
In ordinary life the highest philosophy is no better than common understanding
[Kant]
|
21457
|
Reason has two separate objects, morality and freedom, and nature, which ultimately unite
[Kant]
|
21954
|
Metaphysics is a systematic account of everything that can be known a priori
[Kant]
|
21058
|
Enlightenment requires the free use of reason in the public realm
[Kant]
|
7591
|
Kant completed Grotius's project of a non-religious basis for natural law
[Scruton on Kant]
|
7673
|
Retributive punishment is better than being sent to hospital for your crimes
[Kant, by Berlin]
|
4345
|
For Kant, even a person who lacks all sympathy for others still has a motive for benevolence
[Kant, by Hursthouse]
|
4251
|
If we are required to give moral thought the highest priority, this gives morality no content
[Williams,B on Kant]
|
16004
|
If Kant lives by self-administered laws, this is as feeble as self-administered punishments
[Kierkegaard on Kant]
|
7105
|
If 'maxims' are deeper underlying intentions, Kant can be read as a virtue theorist
[Kant, by Statman]
|
4024
|
Kant follows Rousseau in defining freedom and morality in terms of each other
[Taylor,C on Kant]
|
7625
|
We can ask how rational goodness is, but also why is rationality good
[Putnam on Kant]
|
8026
|
Almost any precept can be consistently universalized
[MacIntyre on Kant]
|
22050
|
The maxim of an action is chosen, and not externally imposed
[Kant, by Bowie]
|
6694
|
Always treat humanity as an end and never as a means only
[Kant]
|
5074
|
Kant united religion and philosophy, by basing obedience to law on reason instead of faith
[Taylor,R on Kant]
|
8024
|
The categorical imperative says nothing about what our activities and ends should be
[MacIntyre on Kant]
|
22390
|
Kant thought human nature was pure hedonism, so virtue is only possible via the categorical imperative
[Foot on Kant]
|
9749
|
Our rational choices confer value, arising from the sense that we ourselves are important
[Kant, by Korsgaard]
|
7671
|
Values are created by human choices, and are not some intrinsic quality, out there
[Kant, by Berlin]
|
9750
|
We must only value what others find acceptable
[Kant, by Korsgaard]
|
7670
|
Kant is the father of the notion of exploitation as an evil
[Kant, by Berlin]
|
20160
|
Kant focuses exclusively on human values, and neglects cultural and personal values
[Kekes on Kant]
|
21029
|
Kantian respect is for humanity and reason (not from love or sympathy or solidarity)
[Kant, by Sandel]
|
7674
|
Generosity and pity are vices, because they falsely imply one person's superiority to another
[Kant, by Berlin]
|
5295
|
Kant was happy with 'good will', even if it had no result
[Kant, by Marx/Engels]
|
6695
|
Kant has to attribute high moral worth to some deeply unattractive human lives
[Kant, by Graham]
|
8028
|
Kantian duty seems to imply conformism with authority
[MacIntyre on Kant]
|
4413
|
The categorical imperative smells of cruelty
[Nietzsche on Kant]
|
15673
|
The intuition behind the categorical imperative is that one ought not to make an exception of oneself
[Kant, by Finlayson]
|
8068
|
Universalising a maxim needs to first stipulate the right description for the action
[Anscombe on Kant]
|
8025
|
The categorical imperative will not suggest maxims suitable for testing
[MacIntyre on Kant]
|
3762
|
Why couldn't all rational beings accept outrageously immoral rules of conduct?
[Mill on Kant]
|
8027
|
I can universalize a selfish maxim, if it is expressed in a way that only applies to me
[MacIntyre on Kant]
|
8046
|
We can only know we should obey God if we already have moral standards for judging God
[Kant, by MacIntyre]
|
20714
|
God is not proved by reason, but is a postulate of moral thinking
[Kant, by Davies,B]
|
5296
|
Kant made the political will into a pure self-determined "free" will
[Kant, by Marx/Engels]
|
24011
|
Kant thought emotions are too random and passive to be part of morality
[Kant, by Williams,B]
|
3544
|
Kant thinks virtue becomes passive, and hence morally unaccountable
[Kant, by Annas]
|
3710
|
The only purely good thing is a good will
[Kant]
|
3711
|
Only a good will makes us worthy of happiness
[Kant]
|
3712
|
A good will is not good because of what it achieves
[Kant]
|
3713
|
The function of reason is to produce a good will
[Kant]
|
3714
|
Dutiful actions are judged not by purpose, but by the maxim followed
[Kant]
|
3715
|
Other causes can produce nice results, so morality must consist in the law, found only in rational beings
[Kant]
|
3717
|
Reverence is awareness of a value which demolishes my self-love
[Kant]
|
3716
|
Act according to a maxim you can will as a universal law
[Kant]
|
3718
|
Telling the truth from duty is quite different from doing so to avoid inconvenience
[Kant]
|
3719
|
If lying were the universal law it would make promises impossible
[Kant]
|
3720
|
We may claim noble motives, but we cannot penetrate our secret impulses
[Kant]
|
3721
|
We judge God to be good by a priori standards of moral perfection
[Kant]
|
3722
|
Metaphysics goes beyond the empirical, so doesn't need examples
[Kant]
|
3723
|
There are no imperatives for a holy will, as the will is in harmony with moral law
[Kant]
|
3724
|
A categorical imperative sees an action as necessary purely for its own sake
[Kant]
|
3725
|
The good of an action is in the mind of the doer, not the consequences
[Kant]
|
3726
|
The categorical imperative is a practical synthetic a priori proposition
[Kant]
|
3727
|
Act as if your maxim were to become a universal law of nature
[Kant]
|
3728
|
Suicide, false promises, neglected talent, and lack of charity all involve contradictions of principle
[Kant, by PG]
|
3729
|
Our inclinations are not innately desirable; in fact most rational beings would like to be rid of them
[Kant]
|
3730
|
Non-rational beings only have a relative value, as means rather than as ends
[Kant]
|
3731
|
Rational beings necessarily conceive their own existence as an end in itself
[Kant]
|
3732
|
Rational beings have a right to share in the end of an action, not just be part of the means
[Kant]
|
3733
|
The 'golden rule' cannot be a universal law as it implies no duties
[Kant]
|
3735
|
Men are subject to laws which are both self-made and universal
[Kant]
|
3736
|
Virtue lets a rational being make universal law, and share in the kingdom of ends
[Kant]
|
3737
|
The will is good if its universalised maxim is never in conflict with itself
[Kant]
|
3738
|
The hallmark of rationality is setting itself an end
[Kant]
|
3739
|
Free will is a kind of causality which works independently of other causes
[Kant]
|
3740
|
We cannot conceive of reason as being externally controlled
[Kant]
|
3741
|
We shall never be able to comprehend how freedom is possible
[Kant]
|
22008
|
Always treat yourself and others as an end, and never simply as a means
[Kant]
|
22009
|
Morality is the creation of the laws that enable a Kingdom of Ends
[Kant]
|
20715
|
It is basic that moral actions must be done from duty
[Kant]
|
4344
|
Actions where people spread happiness because they enjoy it have no genuine moral worth
[Kant]
|
19739
|
The maxim for suicide is committed to the value of life, and is thus contradictory
[Kant]
|
15308
|
Science is the reduction of diverse forces and powers to a smaller number that explain them
[Kant]
|
21407
|
Equality is not being bound in ways you cannot bind others
[Kant]
|
21080
|
Actions are right if the maxim respects universal mutual freedoms
[Kant]
|
21081
|
We are equipped with the a priori intuitions needed for the concept of right
[Kant]
|
21406
|
Because there is only one human reason, there can only be one true philosophy from principles
[Kant]
|
21082
|
A power-based state of nature may not be unjust, but there is no justice without competent judges
[Kant]
|
21083
|
Women have no role in politics
[Kant]
|
21084
|
In the contract people lose their rights, but immediately regain them, in the new commonwealth
[Kant]
|
21085
|
The church has a political role, by offering a supreme power over people
[Kant]
|
21086
|
Hereditary nobility has not been earned, and probably won't be earned
[Kant]
|
21088
|
Justice asserts the death penalty for murder, from a priori laws
[Kant]
|
21087
|
Human life is pointless without justice
[Kant]
|
21089
|
Monarchs have the highest power; autocrats have complete power
[Kant]
|
21090
|
If someone has largely made something, then they own it
[Kant]
|
21408
|
For any subject, its system of non-experiential concepts needs a metaphysics
[Kant]
|
21409
|
Moral principles do not involve feelings
[Kant]
|
21410
|
That a concept is not self-contradictory does not make what it represents possible
[Kant]
|
21411
|
A duty of virtue is a duty which is also an end
[Kant]
|
21412
|
Humans are distinguished from animals by their capacity to set themselves any sort of end
[Kant]
|
21413
|
Virtue is strong maxims for duty
[Kant]
|
21414
|
The supreme principle of virtue is to find universal laws for ends
[Kant]
|
21415
|
Duty is impossible without prior moral feeling, conscience, love and self-respect
[Kant]
|
21416
|
Philosophers should not offer multiple proofs - suggesting the weakness of each of them
[Kant]
|
21417
|
How do we distinguish a mean? The extremes can involve quite different maxims
[Kant]
|
21418
|
There is one principle of virtues; the virtues are distinguished by their objects
[Kant]
|
21419
|
If virtue becomes a habit, that is a loss of the freedom needed for adopting maxims
[Kant]
|
21420
|
If virtue is the mean between vices, then virtue is just the vanishing of vice
[Kant]
|
21421
|
Within nature man is unimportant, but as moral person he is above any price
[Kant]
|
21422
|
Moral self-knowledge is the beginning of all human wisdom
[Kant]
|
21423
|
Men can only have duties to those who qualify as persons
[Kant]
|
21424
|
Cruelty to animals is bad because it dulls our empathy for pain in humans
[Kant]
|
21425
|
We can love without respect, and show respect without love
[Kant]
|
21428
|
Respect is purely negative (of not exalting oneself over others), and is thus a duty of Right
[Kant]
|
21427
|
Respect is limiting our self-esteem by attending to the human dignity of other persons
[Kant]
|
21426
|
Love urges us to get closer to people, but respect to keep our distance
[Kant]
|
21430
|
Disrespect is using a person as a mere means to my own ends
[Kant]
|
21429
|
The duty of love is to makes the ends of others one's own
[Kant]
|
21431
|
The love of man is required in order to present the world as a beautiful and perfect moral whole
[Kant]
|
21433
|
Violation of rights deserves punishment, which is vengeance, rather than restitution
[Kant]
|
21434
|
We must respect the humanity even in a vicious criminal
[Kant]
|
21435
|
Man is both social, and unsociable
[Kant]
|
21436
|
We are obliged to show the social virtues, but at least they make a virtuous disposition fashionable
[Kant]
|
21437
|
All morality directs the will to love of others' ends, and respect for others' rights
[Kant]
|
20569
|
Kant made the social contract international and cosmopolitan
[Kant, by Oksala]
|
21073
|
Hiring soldiers is to use them as instruments, ignoring their personal rights
[Kant]
|
21074
|
Some trust in the enemy is needed during wartime, or peace would be impossible
[Kant]
|
21075
|
The state of nature always involves the threat of war
[Kant]
|
21076
|
Equality is where you cannot impose a legal obligation you yourself wouldn't endure
[Kant]
|
21077
|
Each nation should, from self-interest, join an international security constitution
[Kant]
|
21079
|
The a priori general will of a people shows what is right
[Kant]
|
21078
|
A constitution must always be improved when necessary
[Kant]
|
20570
|
There is now a growing universal community, and violations of rights are felt everywhere
[Kant]
|
20571
|
There are political and inter-national rights, but also universal cosmopolitan rights
[Kant]
|
21971
|
Transcendental philosophy is the subject becoming the originator of unified reality
[Kant]
|
18235
|
Only human reason can confer value on our choices
[Kant, by Korsgaard]
|
18675
|
Kant may rate two things as finally valuable: having a good will, and deserving happiness
[Orsi on Kant]
|
22007
|
An autonomous agent has dignity [Würde], which has absolute worth
[Kant, by Pinkard]
|
18234
|
The good will is unconditionally good, because it is the only possible source of value
[Kant, by Korsgaard]
|
6183
|
Can pure reason determine the will, or are empirical conditions relevant?
[Kant]
|
6181
|
Necessity cannot be extracted from an empirical proposition
[Kant]
|
6207
|
What fills me with awe are the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me
[Kant]
|
6184
|
Consistency is the highest obligation of a philosopher
[Kant]
|
6185
|
No one would lend money unless a universal law made it secure, even after death
[Kant]
|
6186
|
A holy will is incapable of any maxims which conflict with the moral law
[Kant]
|
6187
|
Universality determines the will, and hence extends self-love into altruism
[Kant]
|
6188
|
A permanent natural order could not universalise a rule permitting suicide
[Kant]
|
6192
|
Good or evil cannot be a thing, but only a maxim of action, making the person good or evil
[Kant]
|
6193
|
Our happiness is all that matters, not as a sensation, but as satisfaction with our whole existence
[Kant]
|
6194
|
The highest worth for human beings lies in dispositions, not just actions
[Kant]
|
6190
|
The sole objects of practical reason are the good and the evil
[Kant]
|
6191
|
The will is the faculty of purposes, which guide desires according to principles
[Kant]
|
6197
|
Morality involves duty and respect for law, not love of the outcome
[Kant]
|
6196
|
People cannot come to morality through feeling, because morality must not be sensuous
[Kant]
|
6195
|
Reason cannot solve the problem of why a law should motivate the will
[Kant]
|
6198
|
Virtue is the supreme state of our pursuit of happiness, and so is supreme good
[Kant]
|
1456
|
Moral law is holy, and the best we can do is achieve virtue through respect for the law
[Kant]
|
1452
|
Happiness is the condition of a rational being for whom everything goes as they wish
[Kant]
|
1454
|
Morality is not about making ourselves happy, but about being worthy of happiness
[Kant]
|
6201
|
Everyone (even God) must treat rational beings as ends in themselves, and not just as means
[Kant]
|
6199
|
Obligation does not rest on the existence of God, but on the autonomy of reason
[Kant]
|
1453
|
We have to postulate something outside nature which makes happiness coincide with morality
[Kant]
|
1455
|
Belief in justice requires belief in a place for justice (heaven), a time (eternity), and a cause (God)
[Kant, by PG]
|
6200
|
Wisdom is knowing the highest good, and conforming the will to it
[Kant]
|
6205
|
To know if this world must have been created by God, we would need to know all other possible worlds
[Kant]
|
6204
|
Using God to explain nature is referring to something inconceivable to explain what is in front of you
[Kant]
|
6206
|
From our limited knowledge we can infer great virtues in God, but not ultimate ones
[Kant]
|
6202
|
In all naturalistic concepts of God, if you remove the human qualities there is nothing left
[Kant]
|
6203
|
Metaphysics is just a priori universal principles of physics
[Kant]
|
16926
|
Analytic judgements say clearly what was in the concept of the subject
[Kant]
|
16927
|
Analytic judgement rests on contradiction, since the predicate cannot be denied of the subject
[Kant]
|
16928
|
Mathematics cannot be empirical because it is necessary, and that has to be a priori
[Kant]
|
16929
|
7+5 = 12 is not analytic, because no analysis of 7+5 will reveal the concept of 12
[Kant]
|
16930
|
Geometry is not analytic, because a line's being 'straight' is a quality
[Kant]
|
16931
|
Metaphysics is generating a priori knowledge by intuition and concepts, leading to the synthetic
[Kant]
|
16910
|
Mathematics can only start from an a priori intuition which is not empirical but pure
[Kant]
|
16912
|
Some concepts can be made a priori, which are general thoughts of objects, like quantity or cause
[Kant]
|
16913
|
I can't intuit a present thing in itself, because the properties can't enter my representations
[Kant]
|
16911
|
Intuition is a representation that depends on the presence of the object
[Kant]
|
16914
|
A priori intuition of objects is only possible by containing the form of my sensibility
[Kant]
|
16915
|
A priori intuitions can only concern the objects of our senses
[Kant]
|
16916
|
A priori synthetic knowledge is only of appearances, not of things in themselves
[Kant]
|
16917
|
All necessary mathematical judgements are based on intuitions of space and time
[Kant]
|
16919
|
Geometry rests on our intuition of space
[Kant]
|
16918
|
Mathematics cannot proceed just by the analysis of concepts
[Kant]
|
16920
|
Numbers are formed by addition of units in time
[Kant]
|
16921
|
If all empirical sensation of bodies is removed, space and time are still left
[Kant]
|
16922
|
Space must have three dimensions, because only three lines can meet at right angles
[Kant]
|
16923
|
I admit there are bodies outside us
[Kant]
|
16924
|
I count the primary features of things (as well as the secondary ones) as mere appearances
[Kant]
|
21447
|
I can make no sense of the red experience being similar to the quality in the object
[Kant]
|
16925
|
Appearance gives truth, as long as it is only used within experience
[Kant]
|
11833
|
The substance, once the predicates are removed, remains unknown to us
[Kant]
|
21441
|
'Transcendental' is not beyond experience, but a prerequisite of experience
[Kant]
|
21955
|
My dogmatic slumber was first interrupted by David Hume
[Kant]
|
21957
|
'Transcendental' concerns how we know, rather than what we know
[Kant]
|
22441
|
The law will protect you if you tell a truth which results in murder
[Kant]
|
22442
|
If lies were ever acceptable, with would undermine all duties based on contract
[Kant]
|
21060
|
It can't be a duty to strive after the impossible
[Kant]
|
21059
|
General rules of action also need a judgement about when to apply them
[Kant]
|
21061
|
Duty does not aim at an end, but gives rise to universal happiness as aim of the will
[Kant]
|
21062
|
The will's motive is the absolute law itself, and moral feeling is receptivity to law
[Kant]
|
21063
|
Personal contracts are for some end, but a civil state contract involves a duty to share
[Kant]
|
21064
|
A lawful civil state must embody freedom, equality and independence for its members
[Kant]
|
21065
|
You can't make a contract renouncing your right to make contracts!
[Kant]
|
21066
|
Citizens can rise to any rank that talent, effort and luck can achieve
[Kant]
|
21067
|
A citizen must control his own life, and possess property or an important skill
[Kant]
|
21068
|
There must be a unanimous contract that citizens accept majority decisions
[Kant]
|
21069
|
A contract is theoretical, but it can guide rulers to make laws which the whole people will accept
[Kant]
|
21070
|
A law is unjust if the whole people could not possibly agree to it
[Kant]
|
21071
|
There can be no restraints on freedom if reason does not reveal some basic rights
[Kant]
|
21072
|
The people (who have to fight) and not the head of state should declare a war
[Kant]
|
21053
|
The manifest will in the world of phenomena has to conform to the laws of nature
[Kant]
|
21054
|
Reason enables the unbounded extension of our rules and intentions
[Kant]
|
21055
|
Our aim is a constitution which combines maximum freedom with strong restraint
[Kant]
|
21056
|
The vitality of business needs maximum freedom (while avoiding harm to others)
[Kant]
|
21057
|
The highest ideal of social progress is a universal cosmopolitan existence
[Kant]
|
22275
|
Logic gives us the necessary rules which show us how we ought to think
[Kant]
|
18261
|
A simplification which is complete constitutes a definition
[Kant]
|
18260
|
If we knew what we know, we would be astonished
[Kant]
|