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Single Idea 21398
[filed under theme 13. Knowledge Criteria / B. Internal Justification / 4. Foundationalism / d. Rational foundations
]
Full Idea
I possess a standard enabling me to judge presentations to be true when they have a character of a sort that false ones could not have.
Gist of Idea
A presentation is true if we judge that no false presentation could appear like it
Source
report of Zeno (Citium) (fragments/reports [c.294 BCE]) by M. Tullius Cicero - Academica II.18.58
Book Ref
Cicero: 'De Natura Deorum and Academica (XIX)', ed/tr. Rackham,H. [Harvard Loeb 1933], p.541
A Reaction
[This is a spokesman in Cicero for the early Stoic view] No sceptic will accept this, but it is pretty much how I operate. If you see something weird, like a leopard wandering wild in Hampshire, you believe it once you have eliminated possible deceptions.
The
27 ideas
from Zeno (Citium)
20801
|
A wise man's chief strength is not being tricked; nothing is worse than error, frivolity or rashness
[Zeno of Citium, by Cicero]
|
20770
|
Philosophy has three parts, studying nature, character, and rational discourse
[Zeno of Citium, by Diog. Laertius]
|
1771
|
When shown seven versions of the mowing argument, he paid twice the asking price for them
[Zeno of Citium, by Diog. Laertius]
|
6022
|
Someone who says 'it is day' proposes it is day, and it is true if it is day
[Zeno of Citium, by Diog. Laertius]
|
7555
|
Zeno achieved the statement of the problems of infinitesimals, infinity and continuity
[Russell on Zeno of Citium]
|
20860
|
Whatever participates in substance exists
[Zeno of Citium, by Stobaeus]
|
21397
|
Perception an open hand, a fist is 'grasping', and holding that fist is knowledge
[Zeno of Citium, by Long]
|
20799
|
A grasp by the senses is true, because it leaves nothing out, and so nature endorses it
[Zeno of Citium, by Cicero]
|
20797
|
If a grasped perception cannot be shaken by argument, it is 'knowledge'
[Zeno of Citium, by Cicero]
|
2662
|
Zeno saw virtue as a splendid state, not just a source of splendid action
[Zeno of Citium, by Cicero]
|
21398
|
A presentation is true if we judge that no false presentation could appear like it
[Zeno of Citium, by Cicero]
|
2648
|
Things are more perfect if they have reason; nothing is more perfect than the universe, so it must have reason
[Zeno of Citium]
|
20807
|
The cosmos and heavens are the substance of god
[Zeno of Citium, by Diog. Laertius]
|
1770
|
When a slave said 'It was fated that I should steal', Zeno replied 'Yes, and that you should be beaten'
[Zeno of Citium, by Diog. Laertius]
|
3799
|
A dog tied to a cart either chooses to follow and is pulled, or it is just pulled
[Zeno of Citium, by Hippolytus]
|
21402
|
Incorporeal substances can't do anything, and can't be acted upon either
[Zeno of Citium, by Cicero]
|
20816
|
A body is required for anything to have causal relations
[Zeno of Citium, by Cicero]
|
1773
|
A sentence always has signification, but a word by itself never does
[Zeno of Citium, by Diog. Laertius]
|
1774
|
Since we are essentially rational animals, living according to reason is living according to nature
[Zeno of Citium, by Diog. Laertius]
|
20841
|
Zeno said live in agreement with nature, which accords with virtue
[Zeno of Citium, by Diog. Laertius]
|
20863
|
The goal is to 'live in agreement', according to one rational consistent principle
[Zeno of Citium, by Stobaeus]
|
21395
|
One of Zeno's books was 'That Which is Appropriate'
[Zeno of Citium, by Long]
|
5964
|
Zeno says there are four main virtues, which are inseparable but distinct
[Zeno of Citium, by Plutarch]
|
20822
|
There is no void in the cosmos, but indefinite void outside it
[Zeno of Citium, by Ps-Plutarch]
|
20811
|
Since the cosmos produces what is alive and rational, it too must be alive and rational
[Zeno of Citium]
|
20810
|
Rational is better than non-rational; the cosmos is supreme, so it is rational
[Zeno of Citium]
|
2649
|
If tuneful flutes grew on olive trees, you would assume the olive had some knowledge of the flute
[Zeno of Citium]
|