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Single Idea 6910
[filed under theme 11. Knowledge Aims / C. Knowing Reality / 3. Idealism / b. Transcendental idealism
]
Full Idea
Kant's idealism is a limited idealism - idealism based on the viewpoint of empiricism.
Gist of Idea
Kant's idealism is a limited idealism based on the viewpoint of empiricism
Source
report of Immanuel Kant (Critique of Pure Reason [1781]) by Ludwig Feuerbach - Principles of Philosophy of the Future §17
Book Ref
Feuerbach,Ludwig: 'Principles of the Philosophy of the Future', ed/tr. Vogel,M [Hackett 1986], p.28
A Reaction
This would place Kant as closer to Berkeley than to Hegel. Good for Kant, I say. He had the good sense to see that the crucial challenge to understanding is that offered by David Hume.
The
219 ideas
from 'Critique of Pure Reason'
9632
|
Kant only accepts potential infinity, not actual infinity
[Kant, by Brown,JR]
|
3343
|
Euclid's could be the only viable geometry, if rejection of the parallel line postulate doesn't lead to a contradiction
[Benardete,JA on Kant]
|
8739
|
Geometry studies the Euclidean space that dictates how we perceive things
[Kant, by Shapiro]
|
12421
|
Kant's intuitions struggle to judge relevance, impossibility and exactness
[Kitcher on Kant]
|
12458
|
Kant taught that mathematics is independent of logic, and cannot be grounded in it
[Kant, by Hilbert]
|
7416
|
Kant is read as the phenomena being 'contrained' by the noumenon, or 'free-floating'
[Talbot on Kant]
|
6160
|
Does Kant say the mind imposes categories, or that it restricts us to them?
[Rowlands on Kant]
|
17772
|
Kant claims causal powers are relational rather than intrinsic
[Kant, by Bayne]
|
7576
|
The Identity of Indiscernibles is true of concepts with identical properties, but not of particulars
[Kant, by Jolley]
|
23461
|
Kant thought worldly necessities are revealed by what maths needs to make sense
[Kant, by Morris,M]
|
14710
|
Necessity is always knowable a priori, and what is known a priori is always necessary
[Kant, by Schroeter]
|
16256
|
For Kant metaphysics must be necessary, so a priori, so can't be justified by experience
[Kant, by Maudlin]
|
16898
|
Understanding essentially involves singular elements
[Kant, by Burge]
|
15627
|
Kant showed that the understanding (unlike reason) concerns what is finite and conditioned
[Kant, by Hegel]
|
20944
|
Knowledge is threefold: apprehension, reproduction by imagination, recognition by concepts
[Kant, by Bowie]
|
6910
|
Kant's idealism is a limited idealism based on the viewpoint of empiricism
[Kant, by Feuerbach]
|
6909
|
In Kantian idealism, objects fit understanding, not vice versa
[Kant, by Feuerbach]
|
21440
|
For Kant experience is either structured like reality, or generates reality's structure
[Kant, by Gardner]
|
22006
|
The concepts that make judgeable experiences possible are created spontaneously
[Kant, by Pinkard]
|
5403
|
If, as Kant says, arithmetic and logic are contributed by us, they could change if we did
[Russell on Kant]
|
9156
|
Kant's shift of view enables us to see a priority in terms of mental capacity, not truth and propositions
[Burge on Kant]
|
7575
|
A priori knowledge is limited to objects of possible experience
[Kant, by Jolley]
|
22003
|
We have no sensual experience of time and space, so they must be 'ideal'
[Kant, by Pinkard]
|
21456
|
Objects having to be experiencable is not the same as full idealism
[Gardner on Kant]
|
3342
|
Seeing that only one parallel can be drawn to a line through a given point is clearly synthetic a priori
[Kant, by Benardete,JA]
|
20943
|
Kant bases the synthetic a priori on the categories of oneness and manyness
[Kant, by Bowie]
|
5402
|
Kant showed that we have a priori knowledge which is not purely analytic
[Kant, by Russell]
|
5203
|
We can think of 7 and 5 without 12, but it is still a contradiction to deny 7+5=12
[Ayer on Kant]
|
5404
|
Two plus two objects make four objects even if experience is impossible, so Kant is wrong
[Russell on Kant]
|
18262
|
For Kant analytic knowledge needs complex concepts, but the a priori can rest on the simple
[Coffa on Kant]
|
2774
|
Kant says the cognitive and sensory elements in experience can't be separated
[Kant, by Dancy,J]
|
22005
|
Associations and causes cannot explain content, which needs norms of judgement
[Kant, by Pinkard]
|
6577
|
For Kant, our conceptual scheme is disastrous when it reaches beyond experience
[Kant, by Fogelin]
|
8736
|
Kantian intuitions are of particulars, and they give immediate knowledge
[Kant, by Shapiro]
|
7070
|
Kant says knowledge is when our representations sufficiently conform to our concepts
[Kant, by Critchley]
|
4086
|
Kant thought that consciousness depends on self-consciousness ('apperception')
[Kant, by Crane]
|
2869
|
Kant's only answer as to how synthetic a priori judgements are possible was that we have a 'faculty'!
[Nietzsche on Kant]
|
4708
|
Kant thought he had refuted scepticism, but his critics say he is a sceptic, for rejecting reality
[O'Grady on Kant]
|
6578
|
For Kant, experience is relative to a scheme, but there are no further possible schemes
[Kant, by Fogelin]
|
9751
|
To some extent we must view ourselves as noumena
[Kant, by Korsgaard]
|
9756
|
We must be free, because we can act against our strongest desires
[Kant, by Korsgaard]
|
8687
|
Kantian 'intuition' is the bridge between pure reason and its application to sense experiences
[Kant, by Friend]
|
21759
|
Kant deduced the categories from our judgements, and then as preconditions of experience
[Kant, by Houlgate]
|
19655
|
Kant says we can describe the categories of thought, but Hegel claims to deduce them
[Kant, by Meillassoux]
|
22004
|
Concepts are rules for combining representations
[Kant, by Pinkard]
|
8735
|
Kant implies that concepts have analysable parts
[Kant, by Shapiro]
|
8734
|
Non-subject/predicate tautologies won't fit Kant's definition of analyticity
[Shapiro on Kant]
|
7314
|
How can bachelor 'contain' unmarried man? Are all analytic truths in subject-predicate form?
[Miller,A on Kant]
|
6916
|
For Kant, essence is mental and a mere idea, and existence is the senses and mere appearance
[Kant, by Feuerbach]
|
22052
|
Kant's nature is just a system of necessary laws
[Bowie on Kant]
|
8256
|
Kant identifies nature with the scientific picture of it as the realm of law
[Kant, by McDowell]
|
9755
|
The concept of causality entails laws; random causality is a contradiction
[Kant, by Korsgaard]
|
17709
|
We judge causation by relating events together by some law of nature
[Kant, by Mares]
|
19669
|
For Kant the laws must be necessary, because contingency would destroy representation
[Kant, by Meillassoux]
|
19672
|
Kant fails to prove the necessity of laws, because his reasoning about chance is over-ambitious
[Meillassoux on Kant]
|
8451
|
Existence is merely derived from the word 'is' (rather than being a predicate)
[Kant, by Orenstein]
|
3321
|
Modern logic says (with Kant) that existence is not a predicate, because it has been reclassified as a quantifier
[Benardete,JA on Kant]
|
13732
|
Kant never denied that 'exist' could be a predicate - only that it didn't enlarge concepts
[Kant, by Fitting/Mendelsohn]
|
7918
|
Kant turned metaphysics into epistemology, ignoring Aristotle's 'being qua being'
[Kant, by Macdonald,C]
|
21462
|
It is still possible to largely accept Kant as a whole (where others must be dismantled)
[Kant, by Gardner]
|
18236
|
Reason keeps asking why until explanation is complete
[Kant, by Korsgaard]
|
9752
|
Kant showed that theoretical reason cannot give answers to speculative metaphysics
[Kant, by Korsgaard]
|
6584
|
A priori metaphysics is fond of basic unchanging entities like God, the soul, Forms, atoms…
[Kant, by Fogelin]
|
12767
|
Kant exposed the illusions of reason in the Transcendental Dialectic
[Kant, by Fraassen]
|
21439
|
Religion and legislation can only be respected if they accept free and public examination
[Kant]
|
18794
|
Logic has precise boundaries, and is the formal rules for all thinking
[Kant]
|
21438
|
Metaphysics might do better to match objects to our cognition (and not start with the objects)
[Kant]
|
9345
|
Propositions involving necessity are a priori, and pure a priori if they only derive from other necessities
[Kant]
|
12414
|
A priori knowledge occurs absolutely independently of all experience
[Kant]
|
16893
|
The apriori is independent of its sources, and marked by necessity and generality
[Kant, by Burge]
|
9346
|
Judgements which are essentially and strictly universal reveal our faculty of a priori cognition
[Kant]
|
9347
|
A priori knowledge is indispensable for the possibility and certainty of experience
[Kant]
|
5523
|
Causation obviously involves necessity, so it cannot just be frequent association
[Kant]
|
9348
|
Experienceless bodies have space; propertyless bodies have substance; this must be seen a priori
[Kant]
|
9349
|
A dove cutting through the air, might think it could fly better in airless space (which Plato attempted)
[Kant]
|
9350
|
Our reason mostly analyses concepts we already have of objects
[Kant]
|
9351
|
One sort of a priori knowledge just analyses given concepts, but another ventures further
[Kant]
|
20291
|
If the predicate is contained in the subject of a judgement, it is analytic; otherwise synthetic
[Kant]
|
20292
|
Analytic judgements clarify, by analysing the subject into its component predicates
[Kant]
|
18259
|
Analysis is becoming self-conscious about our concepts
[Kant]
|
5524
|
Maths must be a priori because it is necessary, and that cannot be derived from experience
[Kant]
|
5525
|
No analysis of the sum of seven and five will in itself reveal twelve
[Kant]
|
5526
|
With large numbers it is obvious that we could never find the sum by analysing the concepts
[Kant]
|
5527
|
That a straight line is the shortest is synthetic, as straight does not imply any quantity
[Kant]
|
5528
|
That force and counter-force are equal is necessary, and a priori synthetic
[Kant]
|
5529
|
The real problem of pure reason is: how are a priori synthetic judgments possible?
[Kant]
|
16611
|
You just can't stop metaphysical speculation, in any mature mind
[Kant]
|
5530
|
Analysis of our concepts is merely a preparation for proper a priori metaphysics
[Kant]
|
21442
|
'Transcendental' cognition concerns what can be known a priori of its mode
[Kant]
|
23454
|
Appearances have a 'form', which indicates a relational order
[Kant]
|
17736
|
We can't learn of space through experience; experience of space needs its representation
[Kant]
|
5531
|
Space is an a priori necessary basic intuition, as we cannot imagine its absence
[Kant]
|
5532
|
Colours and tastes are not qualities of things, but alterations of the subject
[Kant]
|
5533
|
Objects in themselves are not known to us at all
[Kant]
|
5534
|
One can never imagine appearances without time, so it is given a priori
[Kant]
|
5535
|
That times cannot be simultaneous is synthetic, so it is known by intuition, not analysis
[Kant]
|
5536
|
If space and time exist absolutely, we must assume the existence of two pointless non-entities
[Kant]
|
19386
|
Without the subject or the senses, space and time vanish, as their appearances disappear
[Kant]
|
21446
|
If we disappeared, then all relations of objects, and time and space themselves, disappear too
[Kant]
|
21445
|
Even the most perfect intuition gets no closer to things in themselves
[Kant]
|
5537
|
That two lines cannot enclose a space is an intuitive a priori synthetic proposition
[Kant]
|
5538
|
Understanding has no intuitions, and senses no thought, so knowledge needs their unity
[Kant]
|
17616
|
Thoughts without content are empty, intuitions without concepts are blind
[Kant]
|
5540
|
Cleverness is shown in knowing what can reasonably be asked
[Kant]
|
5539
|
We must presuppose that truth is agreement of cognition with its objects
[Kant]
|
5541
|
A sufficient but general sign of truth cannot possibly be provided
[Kant]
|
5542
|
There must be a general content-free account of truth in the rules of logic
[Kant]
|
5543
|
All human cognition is through concepts
[Kant]
|
22443
|
We are seldom aware of imagination, but we would have no cognition at all without it
[Kant]
|
5544
|
Four groups of categories of concept: Quantity, Quality, Relation and Modality
[Kant]
|
5545
|
Appearances give rules of what usually happens, but cause involves necessity
[Kant]
|
5546
|
Are a priori concepts necessary as a precondition for something to be an object?
[Kant]
|
21449
|
The a priori concept of objects in general is the ground of experience
[Kant]
|
5547
|
The categories are objectively valid, because they make experience possible
[Kant]
|
21448
|
Categories are general concepts of objects, which determine the way in which they are experienced
[Kant]
|
5549
|
Mental representations would not be mine if they did not belong to a unified self-consciousness
[Kant]
|
21450
|
Representation would be impossible without the 'I think' that accompanies it
[Kant]
|
5550
|
A substance could exist as a subject, but not as a mere predicate
[Kant]
|
5551
|
I have no cognition of myself as I am, but only as I appear to myself
[Kant]
|
23697
|
I exist just as an intelligence aware of its faculty for combination
[Kant]
|
5552
|
Categories are concepts that prescribe laws a priori to appearances
[Kant]
|
5553
|
Either experience creates concepts, or concepts make experience possible
[Kant]
|
5554
|
Categories are necessary, so can't be implanted in us to agree with natural laws
[Kant]
|
5555
|
Philosophical examples rarely fit rules properly, and lead to inflexibility
[Kant]
|
5556
|
A pure concept of the understanding can never become an image
[Kant]
|
8737
|
Kant suggested that arithmetic has no axioms
[Kant, by Shapiro]
|
5557
|
Axioms ought to be synthetic a priori propositions
[Kant]
|
2795
|
If 7+5=12 is analytic, then an infinity of other ways to reach 12 have to be analytic
[Kant, by Dancy,J]
|
5558
|
7+5=12 is not analytic, because 12 is not contained in 7 or 5 or their combination
[Kant]
|
5559
|
Sensations are a posteriori, but that they come in degrees is known a priori
[Kant]
|
5560
|
The three modes of time are persistence, succession and simultaneity
[Kant]
|
21451
|
All appearances need substance, as that which persists through change
[Kant]
|
5561
|
If time involved succession, we must think of another time in which succession occurs
[Kant]
|
5562
|
Experience is only possible because we subject appearances to causal laws
[Kant]
|
5563
|
The principle of sufficient reason is the ground of possible experience in time
[Kant]
|
14560
|
A ball denting a pillow seems like simultaneous cause and effect, though time identifies which is cause
[Kant]
|
5564
|
Substance must exist, as the persisting substratum of the process of change
[Kant]
|
5565
|
Proof of the principle of sufficient reason cannot be found
[Kant]
|
18796
|
Formal experience conditions show what is possible, and general conditions what is necessary
[Kant]
|
18797
|
Modalities do not augment our concepts; they express their relation to cognition
[Kant]
|
21452
|
I can only determine my existence in time via external things
[Kant]
|
5566
|
Is the possible greater than the actual, and the actual greater than the necessary?
[Kant]
|
8740
|
Geometry would just be an idle game without its connection to our intuition
[Kant]
|
17617
|
Maths is a priori, but without its relation to empirical objects it is meaningless
[Kant]
|
5567
|
A priori the understanding can only anticipate possible experiences
[Kant]
|
5568
|
We cannot know things in themselves, but are confined to appearances
[Kant]
|
5569
|
We cannot represent objects unless we combine concepts with intuitions
[Kant]
|
14509
|
If we ignore differences between water drops, we still distinguish them by their location
[Kant]
|
5570
|
Self-knowledge can only be inner sensation, and thus appearance
[Kant]
|
22274
|
'Transcendent' is beyond experience, and 'transcendental' is concealed within experience
[Kant, by Potter]
|
5571
|
Reason contains within itself certain underived concepts and principles
[Kant]
|
5572
|
Reason has logical and transcendental faculties
[Kant]
|
5573
|
Reason is distinct from understanding, and is the faculty of rules or principles
[Kant]
|
5575
|
An obvious idea is a constitution based on maximum mutual freedom for citizens
[Kant]
|
5576
|
We cannot derive moral laws from experience, as it is the mother of illusion
[Kant]
|
5577
|
Transcendental ideas require unity of the subject, conditions of appearance, and objects of thought
[Kant]
|
5578
|
Pure reason deals with concepts in the understanding, not with objects
[Kant]
|
5581
|
We have proved that bodies are appearances of the outer senses, not things in themselves
[Kant]
|
5582
|
As balls communicate motion, so substances could communicate consciousness, but not retain identity
[Kant]
|
5583
|
We need an account of the self based on rational principles, to avoid materialism
[Kant]
|
5584
|
All objections are dogmatic (against propositions), or critical (against proofs), or sceptical
[Kant]
|
5585
|
Soul and body connect physically, or by harmony, or by assistance
[Kant]
|
5586
|
The voyage of reason may go only as far as the coastline of experience reaches
[Kant]
|
2965
|
For Kant the self is a purely formal idea, not a substance
[Kant, by Lockwood]
|
5589
|
Neither materialism nor spiritualism can reveal the separate existence of the soul
[Kant]
|
5590
|
'I think therefore I am' is an identity, not an inference (as there is no major premise)
[Kant]
|
5591
|
Reason must assume as necessary that everything in a living organism has a proportionate purpose
[Kant]
|
5592
|
Scepticism is the euthanasia of pure reason
[Kant]
|
5593
|
Reason generates no concepts, but frees them from their link to experience in the understanding
[Kant]
|
5594
|
Natural necessity is the unconditioned necessity of appearances
[Kant]
|
21454
|
The battle of the antinomies is usually won by the attacker, and lost by any defender
[Kant]
|
5595
|
Scepticism is absurd in maths, where there are no hidden false assertions
[Kant]
|
5596
|
We must assume an absolute causal spontaneity beginning from itself
[Kant]
|
5597
|
If there is a first beginning, there can be other sequences initiated from nothing
[Kant]
|
5598
|
If you prove God cosmologically, by a regress in the sequences of causes, you can't abandon causes at the end
[Kant]
|
5599
|
Without God, creation and free will, morality would be empty
[Kant]
|
5600
|
Human reason considers all knowledge as belonging to a possible system
[Kant]
|
21956
|
Everything we intuit is merely a representation, with no external existence (Transcendental Idealism)
[Kant]
|
5601
|
There are possible inhabitants of the moon, but they are just possible experiences
[Kant]
|
5602
|
The free dialectic opposition of arguments is an invaluable part of the sceptical method
[Kant]
|
21455
|
We only understand what exists, and can find no sign of what ought to be in nature
[Kant]
|
5603
|
Pure reason exists outside of time
[Kant]
|
5604
|
In reason things can only begin if they are voluntary
[Kant]
|
5605
|
Moral blame is based on reason, since a reason is a cause which should have been followed
[Kant]
|
5606
|
Freedom and natural necessity do not contradict, as they relate to different conditions
[Kant]
|
5607
|
Only three proofs of God: the physico-theological (evidence), the cosmological (existence), the ontological (a priori)
[Kant]
|
18795
|
A concept is logically possible if non-contradictory (but may not be actually possible)
[Kant]
|
5608
|
Is "This thing exists" analytic or synthetic?
[Kant]
|
5609
|
If 'this exists' is analytic, either the thing is a thought, or you have presupposed its existence
[Kant]
|
5610
|
If an existential proposition is synthetic, you must be able to cancel its predicate without contradiction
[Kant]
|
5611
|
Being is not a real predicate, that adds something to a concept
[Kant]
|
5612
|
You add nothing to the concept of God or coins if you say they exist
[Kant]
|
4475
|
Saying a thing 'is' adds nothing to it - otherwise if my concept exists, it isn't the same as my concept
[Kant]
|
5613
|
The analytic mark of possibility is that it does not generate a contradiction
[Kant]
|
5615
|
Extension and impenetrability together make the concept of matter
[Kant]
|
5616
|
Pure reason is only concerned with itself because it deals with understandings, not objects
[Kant]
|
5617
|
Knowledge begins with intuitions, moves to concepts, and ends with ideas
[Kant]
|
16899
|
Geometrical truth comes from a general schema abstracted from a particular object
[Kant, by Burge]
|
18264
|
We know the shape of a cone from its concept, but we don't know its colour
[Kant]
|
5618
|
Definitions exhibit the exhaustive concept of a thing within its boundaries
[Kant]
|
5619
|
No a priori concept can be defined
[Kant]
|
5620
|
Philosophy has no axioms, as it is just rational cognition of concepts
[Kant]
|
5621
|
The existence of reason depends on the freedom of citizens to agree, doubt and veto ideas
[Kant]
|
5622
|
The boundaries of reason can only be determined a priori
[Kant]
|
5623
|
If I know the earth is a sphere, and I am on it, I can work out its area from a small part
[Kant]
|
5624
|
We possess synthetic a priori knowledge in our principles which anticipate experience
[Kant]
|
5626
|
An a priori principle of persistence anticipates all experience
[Kant]
|
23696
|
Transcendental cognition is that a priori thought which shows how the a priori is applicable or possible
[Kant]
|
5627
|
I can express the motion of my body in a single point, but that doesn't mean it is a simple substance
[Kant]
|
5628
|
Reason hates to be limited in its speculations
[Kant]
|
5629
|
If a proposition implies any false consequences, then it is false
[Kant]
|
5630
|
Our concept of an incorporeal nature is merely negative
[Kant]
|
5631
|
Reason is only interested in knowledge, actions and hopes
[Kant]
|
5632
|
Moral laws are commands, which must involve promises and threats, which only God could provide
[Kant]
|
5633
|
We don't accept duties as coming from God, but assume they are divine because they are duties
[Kant]
|
5634
|
Opinion is subjectively and objectively insufficient; belief is subjective but not objective; knowledge is both
[Kant]
|
5635
|
In ordinary life the highest philosophy is no better than common understanding
[Kant]
|
21457
|
Reason has two separate objects, morality and freedom, and nature, which ultimately unite
[Kant]
|
21954
|
Metaphysics is a systematic account of everything that can be known a priori
[Kant]
|