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5. Theory of Logic / A. Overview of Logic / 5. First-Order Logic

[logic where variables only refer to objects]

23 ideas
Liberalism should improve the system, and not just ameliorate it [Dewey]
Theoretical and practical politics are both concerned with the best lives for individuals [Russell]
Asserting first-order validity implicitly involves second-order reference to classes [Putnam]
Elementary logic is complete, but cannot capture mathematics [Tharp]
First-order logic is the strongest complete compact theory with Löwenheim-Skolem [Hacking]
A limitation of first-order logic is that it cannot handle branching quantifiers [Hacking]
First-order logic is not decidable: there is no test of whether any formula is valid [Bostock]
The completeness of first-order logic implies its compactness [Bostock]
Since first-order languages are complete, |= and |- have the same meaning [Hodges,W]
In quantified language the components of complex sentences may not be sentences [Kirkham]
First-order logic only has its main theorems because it is so weak [Mayberry]
The 'triumph' of first-order logic may be related to logicism and the Hilbert programme, which failed [Shapiro]
Maybe compactness, semantic effectiveness, and the Löwenheim-Skolem properties are desirable [Shapiro]
First-order logic was an afterthought in the development of modern logic [Shapiro]
The notion of finitude is actually built into first-order languages [Shapiro]
First-order logic is Complete, and Compact, with the Löwenheim-Skolem Theorems [Shapiro]
A first-order 'sentence' is a formula with no free variables [Zalabardo]
Not all validity is captured in first-order logic [Read]
In first-order logic syntactic and semantic consequence (|- and |=) nicely coincide [Wolf,RS]
First-order logic is weakly complete (valid sentences are provable); we can't prove every sentence or its negation [Wolf,RS]
Classical liberalism seeks freedom of opinion, of private life, of expression, and of property [Micklethwait/Wooldridge]
Liberal Nationalism says welfare states and democracy needed a shared sense of nationality [Shorten]
Philosophers accepted first-order logic, because they took science to be descriptive, not explanatory [Ingthorsson]