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22. Metaethics / A. Ethics Foundations / 1. Nature of Ethics / h. Against ethics

[objections to social codes of morality]

8 ideas
All men prefer outward appearance to true excellence [Kongzi (Confucius)]
Good and evil are the same thing [Heraclitus, by Aristotle]
Only the Cyrenaics reject the idea of a final moral end [Aristippus elder, by Annas]
There is no universal goal to human life [Aenesidemus, by Photius]
Morality prevents us from developing better customs [Nietzsche]
We must question the very value of moral values [Nietzsche]
'Externalists' say moral judgements are not reasons, and maybe not even motives [Smith,M]
A person could make a moral judgement without being in any way motivated by it [Smith,M]