Ideas from 'Academica' by M. Tullius Cicero [45 BCE], by Theme Structure
[found in 'De Natura Deorum and Academica (XIX)' by Cicero (ed/tr Rackham,H.) [Harvard Loeb 1933,0-674-99296-2]].
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2. Reason / C. Styles of Reason / 1. Dialectic
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2661
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Dialectic is speech cast in the form of logical argument
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3. Truth / A. Truth Problems / 1. Truth
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2673
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There cannot be more than one truth
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5. Theory of Logic / D. Assumptions for Logic / 2. Excluded Middle
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2669
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Dialectic assumes that all statements are either true or false, but self-referential paradoxes are a big problem
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12. Knowledge Sources / B. Perception / 1. Perception
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2664
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If we have complete healthy senses, what more could the gods give us?
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12. Knowledge Sources / E. Direct Knowledge / 4. Memory
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2665
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How can there be a memory of what is false?
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13. Knowledge Criteria / D. Scepticism / 3. Illusion Scepticism
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20800
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Every true presentation can have a false one of the same quality
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23. Ethics / C. Virtue Theory / 2. Elements of Virtue Theory / c. Motivation for virtue
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2672
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Virtues must be very detached, to avoid being motivated by pleasure
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