Ideas from 'Chemistry' by Robin F. Hendry [2008], by Theme Structure
[found in 'Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science' (ed/tr Psillos,S/Curd,M) [Routledge 2010,978-0-415-54613-3]].
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7. Existence / C. Structure of Existence / 5. Supervenience / c. Significance of supervenience
17486
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Supervenience is simply modally robust property co-variance
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14. Science / D. Explanation / 2. Types of Explanation / k. Explanations by essence
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Nuclear charge (plus laws) explains electron structure and spectrum, but not vice versa
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26. Natural Theory / B. Natural Kinds / 2. Defining Kinds
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Maybe two kinds are the same if there is no change of entropy on isothermal mixing
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26. Natural Theory / D. Laws of Nature / 8. Scientific Essentialism / a. Scientific essentialism
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The nature of an element must survive chemical change, so it is the nucleus, not the electrons
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17485
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Maybe water is the smallest part of it that still counts as water (which is H2O molecules)
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17484
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Maybe the nature of water is macroscopic, and not in the microstructure
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27. Natural Reality / F. Chemistry / 1. Chemistry
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Compounds can differ with the same collection of atoms, so structure matters too
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Water continuously changes, with new groupings of molecules
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27. Natural Reality / F. Chemistry / 2. Modern Elements
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Elements survive chemical change, and are tracked to explain direction and properties
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17477
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Defining elements by atomic number allowed atoms of an element to have different masses
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27. Natural Reality / F. Chemistry / 3. Periodic Table
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Generally it is nuclear charge (not nuclear mass) which determines behaviour
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