Ideas from 'Monadology' by Gottfried Leibniz [1716], by Theme Structure
[found in 'Monadology and Other Philosophical Essays' by Leibniz,Gottfried (ed/tr Schrecker,P) [Bobbs-Merrill 1965,65-26531 (Cong)]].
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2. Reason / B. Laws of Thought / 2. Sufficient Reason
4642
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No fact can be real and no proposition true unless there is a Sufficient Reason (even if we can't know it)
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3. Truth / D. Coherence Truth / 1. Coherence Truth
2115
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Everything in the universe is interconnected, so potentially a mind could know everything
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5. Theory of Logic / D. Assumptions for Logic / 3. Contradiction
2111
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Falsehood involves a contradiction, and truth is contradictory of falsehood
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7. Existence / C. Structure of Existence / 6. Fundamentals / c. Monads
7644
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The monad idea incomprehensibly spiritualises matter, instead of materialising soul [La Mettrie]
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11857
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He replaced Aristotelian continuants with monads [Wiggins]
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7843
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Is a drop of urine really an infinity of thinking monads? [Voltaire]
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12751
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It is unclear in 'Monadology' how extended bodies relate to mind-like monads. [Garber]
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19363
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Changes in a monad come from an internal principle, and the diversity within its substance
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19352
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A 'monad' has basic perception and appetite; a 'soul' has distinct perception and memory
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9. Objects / B. Unity of Objects / 2. Substance / e. Substance critique
7931
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If a substance is just a thing that has properties, it seems to be a characterless non-entity [Macdonald,C]
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9. Objects / F. Identity among Objects / 7. Indiscernible Objects
17554
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There must be some internal difference between any two beings in nature
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10. Modality / D. Knowledge of Modality / 1. A Priori Necessary
2112
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Truths of reason are known by analysis, and are necessary; facts are contingent, and their opposites possible
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12. Knowledge Sources / A. A Priori Knowledge / 4. A Priori as Necessities
9344
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Mathematical analysis ends in primitive principles, which cannot be and need not be demonstrated
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12. Knowledge Sources / C. Rationalism / 1. Rationalism
2110
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We all expect the sun to rise tomorrow by experience, but astronomers expect it by reason
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15. Nature of Minds / B. Features of Minds / 3. Privacy
2109
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Increase a conscious machine to the size of a mill - you still won't see perceptions in it
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16. Persons / C. Self-Awareness / 2. Knowing the Self
19362
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We know the 'I' and its contents by abstraction from awareness of necessary truths
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26. Natural Theory / A. Speculations on Nature / 6. Early Matter Theories / f. Ancient elements
12707
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The true elements are atomic monads
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28. God / A. Divine Nature / 3. Divine Perfections
2114
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This is the most perfect possible universe, in its combination of variety with order
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28. God / B. Proving God / 2. Proofs of Reason / a. Ontological Proof
2113
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God alone (the Necessary Being) has the privilege that He must exist if He is possible
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