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Ideas from 'Philosophical Investigations' by Ludwig Wittgenstein [1952], by Theme Structure

[found in 'Philosophical Investigations' by Wittgenstein,Ludwig (ed/tr Anscombe,E.) [Blackwell 1972,0-631-14670-9]].

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1. Philosophy / D. Nature of Philosophy / 3. Philosophy Defined
2512 Philosophy is a battle against the bewitchment of our intelligence by means of language
1. Philosophy / D. Nature of Philosophy / 7. Despair over Philosophy
4148 What is your aim in philosophy? - To show the fly the way out of the fly-bottle
1. Philosophy / F. Analytic Philosophy / 5. Linguistic Analysis
22490 Bring words back from metaphysics to everyday use
2. Reason / B. Laws of Thought / 3. Non-Contradiction
6566 The problem is to explain the role of contradiction in social life
5. Theory of Logic / E. Structures of Logic / 1. Logical Form
18743 Wittgenstein says we want the grammar of problems, not their first-order logical structure [Horsten/Pettigrew]
5. Theory of Logic / F. Referring in Logic / 1. Naming / a. Names
4139 Naming is a preparation for description
5. Theory of Logic / F. Referring in Logic / 1. Naming / b. Names as descriptive
4946 A name is not determined by a description, but by a cluster or family [Kripke]
9. Objects / D. Essence of Objects / 5. Essence as Kind
15106 Essence is expressed by grammar
11. Knowledge Aims / A. Knowledge / 4. Belief / c. Aim of beliefs
6600 The belief that fire burns is like the fear that it burns
11. Knowledge Aims / C. Knowing Reality / 2. Phenomenalism
4153 Are sense-data the material of which the universe is made?
12. Knowledge Sources / B. Perception / 4. Sense Data / d. Sense-data problems
6501 As sense-data are necessarily private, they are attacked by Wittgenstein's objections [Robinson,H]
12. Knowledge Sources / E. Direct Knowledge / 2. Intuition
11079 How do I decide when to accept or obey an intuition?
13. Knowledge Criteria / D. Scepticism / 6. Scepticism Critique
4160 One can mistrust one's own senses, but not one's own beliefs
15. Nature of Minds / A. Nature of Mind / 4. Other Minds / c. Knowing other minds
19273 I don't have the opinion that people have minds; I just treat them as such
15. Nature of Minds / A. Nature of Mind / 4. Other Minds / d. Other minds by analogy
5663 It is irresponsible to generalise from my own case of pain to other people's
19272 To imagine another's pain by my own, I must imagine a pain I don't feel, by one I do feel
15. Nature of Minds / B. Features of Minds / 3. Privacy
4161 If a lion could talk, we could not understand him
7392 If a lion could talk, it would be nothing like other lions [Dennett]
16. Persons / C. Self-Awareness / 1. Introspection
5676 To say that I 'know' I am in pain means nothing more than that I AM in pain
17. Mind and Body / D. Property Dualism / 6. Mysterianism
4154 Why are we not aware of the huge gap between mind and brain in ordinary life?
18. Thought / A. Modes of Thought / 10. Rule Following
6165 Every course of action can either accord or conflict with a rule, so there is no accord or conflict
4143 One cannot obey a rule 'privately', because that is a practice, not the same as thinking one is obeying
7092 If individuals can't tell if they are following a rule, how does a community do it? [Grayling]
4158 An 'inner process' stands in need of outward criteria
18. Thought / C. Content / 6. Broad Content
4138 Is white simple, or does it consist of the colours of the rainbow?
7055 Externalist accounts of mental content begin in Wittgenstein [Heil]
18. Thought / D. Concepts / 3. Ontology of Concepts / b. Concepts as abilities
12576 Possessing a concept is knowing how to go on [Peacocke]
4157 Concepts direct our interests and investigations, and express those interests
12606 Man learns the concept of the past by remembering
18. Thought / D. Concepts / 4. Structure of Concepts / h. Family resemblance
4141 Various games have a 'family resemblance', as their similarities overlap and criss-cross
19. Language / A. Nature of Meaning / 1. Meaning
23450 Wittgenstein rejected his earlier view that the form of language is the form of the world [Morris,M]
19. Language / A. Nature of Meaning / 5. Meaning as Verification
4150 Asking about verification is only one way of asking about the meaning of a proposition
19. Language / A. Nature of Meaning / 6. Meaning as Use
6567 For Wittgenstein, words are defined by their use, just as chess pieces are [Fogelin]
6169 We do not achieve meaning and understanding in our heads, but in the world [Rowlands]
4155 We all seem able to see quite clearly how sentences represent things when we use them
4137 In the majority of cases the meaning of a word is its use in the language
19. Language / A. Nature of Meaning / 7. Meaning Holism / b. Language holism
4142 To understand a sentence means to understand a language
19. Language / A. Nature of Meaning / 10. Denial of Meanings
4149 We don't have 'meanings' in our minds in addition to verbal expressions
4156 Make the following experiment: say "It's cold here" and mean "It's warm here"
19. Language / B. Reference / 1. Reference theories
4145 How do words refer to sensations?
19. Language / B. Reference / 3. Direct Reference / b. Causal reference
4140 The standard metre in Paris is neither one metre long nor not one metre long
19. Language / F. Communication / 4. Private Language
4136 To imagine a language means to imagine a form of life
6166 Was Wittgenstein's problem between individual and community, or between occasions for an individual? [Rowlands]
7875 If a brilliant child invented a name for a private sensation, it couldn't communicate it
4146 We cannot doublecheck mental images for correctness (or confirm news with many copies of the paper)
4147 If we only named pain by our own case, it would be like naming beetles by looking in a private box
5659 If the reference is private, that is incompatible with the sense being public [Scruton]
4152 Getting from perceptions to words cannot be a private matter; the rules need an institution of use
19. Language / F. Communication / 6. Interpreting Language / c. Principle of charity
4144 Common human behaviour enables us to interpret an unknown language
11049 To communicate, language needs agreement in judgment as well as definition
20. Action / A. Definition of Action / 3. Actions and Events
6658 What is left over if I subtract my arm going up from my raising my arm?
29. Religion / D. Religious Issues / 1. Religious Commitment / b. Religious Meaning
4151 Grammar tells what kind of object anything is - and theology is a kind of grammar
29. Religion / D. Religious Issues / 2. Immortality / b. Soul
4159 The human body is the best picture of the human soul