Ideas from 'Putnam's Paradox' by David Lewis [1984], by Theme Structure

[found in 'Papers in Metaphysics and Epistemology' by Lewis,David [CUP 1999,0-521-58787-5]].

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5. Theory of Logic / J. Model Theory in Logic / 2. Isomorphisms

14212

A consistent theory just needs one model; isomorphic versions will do too, and large domains provide those

7. Existence / D. Theories of Reality / 4. Anti-realism

14213

Anti-realists see the world as imaginary, or lacking joints, or beyond reference, or beyond truth

9. Objects / C. Structure of Objects / 8. Parts of Objects / b. Sums of parts

14210

A gerrymandered mereological sum can be a mess, but still have natural joints

19. Language / B. Reference / 3. Direct Reference / b. Causal reference

14215

Causal theories of reference make errors in reference easy

19. Language / B. Reference / 4. Descriptive Reference / b. Reference by description

14209

Descriptive theories remain part of the theory of reference (with seven mild modifications)