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| 19482 | Current physics says matter and antimatter should have reduced to light at the big bang |
| Full Idea: Our best theories of physics imply we shouldn't be here. The big bang ought to have produced equal amounts of matter and antimatter particles, which would have almost immediately annihilated each other, leaving nothing but light. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2015.05.23) | |||
| A reaction: This is not, of course, a rejection of physics, but a puzzle about the current standard model of physics. |
| 19483 | CP violation shows a decay imbalance in matter and antimatter, leading to matter's dominance |
| Full Idea: The phenomenon of charge-parity (CP) violation says that under certain circumstances antiparticles decay at different rates from their matter counterpart. ...This might explain matter's dominance in the universe, but the effect is too small. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2015.05.23) | |||
| A reaction: Physicists are currently studying CP violations, hoping to explain why there is any matter in the universe. This will not, I presume, explain why matter and antimatter arrived in the first place. |
| 19737 | A system can infer the structure of the world by making predictions about it |
| Full Idea: If we can train a system for prediction, it can essentially infer the structure of the world it's looking at by doing this prediction. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2015.12.12) | |||
| A reaction: [AI expert] This seems to be powerful support for the centrality of mathematical laws of nature in achieving understanding of the world. We may downplay the 'mere' ability to predict, but this idea says that the rewards of prediction are very great. |
| 19736 | Neural networks can extract the car-ness of a car, or the chair-ness of a chair |
| Full Idea: Early neural nets were really good at recognising general categories, such as a car or a chair. Those networks are good at extracting the 'chair-ness' or the 'car-ness' of the object. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2015.12.12) | |||
| A reaction: [Interview with Yann LeCun, Facebook AI director] Fregean philosophers such as Geach think that extracting features is a ridiculous idea, but if even a machine can do it then I suspect that human beings can (and do) manage it too. |
| 16419 | No one has yet devised a rationality test |
| Full Idea: The financial sector has been clamouring for a rationality test for years. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2013.10.29) | |||
| A reaction: Many aspects of intelligence tests do actually pick out what I would call rationality (which includes 'rational intuition', a new favourite of mine). But they are mixed in with rather mechanical geeky sort of tests. |
| 16418 | People can be highly intelligent, yet very stupid |
| Full Idea: You really can be highly intelligent, and at the same time very stupid. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2013.10.29) | |||
| A reaction: This is closely related to my observation (from a lifetime of study) that a talent for philosophy has a very limited correlation with standard notions of high intelligence. What matters is how conscious reasoning and intuition relate. Greek 'phronesis'. |
| 16417 | About a third of variation in human intelligence is environmental |
| Full Idea: Possibly a third of the variation in our intelligence is down to the environment in which we grew up - nutrition and education, for example. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2013.10.29) | |||
| A reaction: This presumably leaves the other two-thirds to derive from genetics. I am a big believer in environment. Swapping babies between extremes of cultural environment would hugely affect intelligence, say I. |
| 19484 | Psychologists measure personality along five dimensions |
| Full Idea: Psychologists have long thought that measuring on a scale of just five personality dimensions - agreeableness, extroversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness and openness to new experiences - can capture all human variations in behaviour and attitude. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2015.06.13) | |||
| A reaction: Researchers are considering a sixth - called 'honesty-humility' - which is roughly how devious people are. The five mentioned here seem to be a well entrenched orthodoxy among professional psychologists. Is personality more superficial than character? |
| 19950 | Entropy is the only time-asymmetric law, so time may be linked to entropy |
| Full Idea: All our physical laws are time-symmetric, ...so things can run forwards or backwards. But entropy is an exception, saying that disorder increases over time. Many physicists therefore suspect that the flow of time is linked to entropy. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2017.02.04) |
| 19478 | Light moves at a constant space-time speed, but its direction is in neither space nor time |
| Full Idea: A light ray always moves at one unit of space per unit of time - a constant diagonal on the graph. ...But the direction that light rays travel in is neither space nor time, and is called 'null'. It is on the edge between space and time. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2013.06.15) | |||
| A reaction: Don't understand this, but it sounds fun. |
| 19474 | Quantum states are measured by external time, of unknown origin |
| Full Idea: When we measure the evolution of a quantum state, it is to the beat of an external timepiece of unknown provenance. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2013.06.15) | |||
| A reaction: It is best not to leap to philosophical conclusions when studying modern physics. Evidently time has a very different status in quantum mechanics and in relativity theory. |
| 19473 | The Schrödinger equation describes the evolution of an object's wave function in Hilbert space |
| Full Idea: A quantum object's state is described by a wave function living in Hilbert space, encompassing all of its possible states. We see how the wave function evolves in time, moving from one state to another, using the Schrödinger equation. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2013.06.15) | |||
| A reaction: [These idea are basic explanations for non-scientific philosophers - please forgive anything that makes you wince] |
| 19953 | In string theory space-time has a grainy indivisible substructure |
| Full Idea: String theory suggests that space-time has a grainy substructure - you can't keep chopping it indefinitely into smaller and smaller pieces. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2015.11.07) | |||
| A reaction: Presumably the proposal is that strings are the true 'atoms'. |
| 19476 | String theory needs at least 10 space-time dimensions |
| Full Idea: String theory needs at least 10 space-time dimensions to be mathematically consistent. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2013.06.15) | |||
| A reaction: Apparently because of 'Ads/CFT', it may be possible to swap this situation for a more tractable 4-dimensional version. |
| 19954 | It is impossible for find a model of actuality among the innumerable models in string theory |
| Full Idea: String theory has more than 10-to-the-500th solutions, each describing a different sort of universe, so it is nigh-on impossible to find the one solution that corresponds to our geometrically flat, expanding space-time full of particles. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2015.11.07) |
| 19947 | Hilbert Space is an abstraction representing all possible states of a quantum system |
| Full Idea: The elements of the abstract mathematical entity called Hilbert Space represent all the possible states of a quantum system | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 1017.02.04) |
| 19475 | Relativity makes time and space jointly basic; quantum theory splits them, and prioritises time |
| Full Idea: Relativity says space and time are on the same footing - together they are the fabric of reality. Quantum mechanics, on the other hand, treats time and space differently, with time occasionally seeming more fundamental. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2013.06.15) | |||
| A reaction: Interesting. When talking about time, people glibly cite relativistic space-time to tell you that time is just another dimension. Now I can reply 'Aaah, but what about time in quantum mechanics? Eh? Eh?'. Excellent. |
| 19955 | Space-time may be a geometrical manifestation of quantum entanglement |
| Full Idea: A promising theory (based on the 'Maldacena duality' - that string equations for gravity are the same as quantum equations for surface area) is that space-time is really just geometrical manifestations of quantum entanglement. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2015.11.07) | |||
| A reaction: This is a speculation which might unite the incompatible quantum and general relativity theories. |
| 19948 | Einstein's merging of time with space has left us confused about the nature of time |
| Full Idea: Our hunt for the most basic ingredients of reality has left us muddled about the status of time. One culprit for this was Einstein, whose theory of general relativity merged time with space. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2017.02.04) |
| 19949 | Quantum theory relies on a clock outside the system - but where is it located? |
| Full Idea: After general relativity, quantum mechanics reinstated our familiar notion of time. The buzzing of the quantum world plays out according to the authoritative tick of a clock outside the described system, ...but where is this clock doing its ticking? | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2017.02.04) |
| 19951 | Entropy is puzzling, so we may need to build new laws which include time directionality |
| Full Idea: Smolin observes that if entropy increases, the early universe must have been highly ordered, which we cannot explain. Maybe we need to build time directionality into the laws, instead of making time depend on entropy. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2017.02.04) | |||
| A reaction: [compressed] |
| 19477 | General relativity predicts black holes, as former massive stars, and as galaxy centres |
| Full Idea: Black holes are predicted by general relativity, and are thought to exist where massive stars once lived, as well as at the heart of every galaxy. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2013.06.15) | |||
| A reaction: Since black holes now seem to be a certainty, that is one hell of an impressive prediction. |
| 19952 | Black holes have entropy, but general relativity says they are unstructured, and lack entropy |
| Full Idea: Black holes have a temperature, and hence entropy. ...But if a black hole are just an extreme scrunching of smooth space-time, it should have no substructure, and thus no entropy. This is probably the most obvious incompleteness of general relativity. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2015.11.07) |
| 16420 | 84.5 percent of the universe is made of dark matter |
| Full Idea: Dark matter makes up 84.5 percent of the universe's matter. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2013.10.29) |
| 17604 | We are halfway to synthesising any molecule we want |
| Full Idea: Ei-ichi Negishi (Nobel chemist of 2010) says 'the ultimate goal is to be able to synthesise any molecule we want. We are probably about halfway there'. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2010.10.16) |
| 17603 | Chemistry just needs the periodic table, and protons, electrons and neutrinos |
| Full Idea: Ei-ichi Negishi (Nobel chemist of 2010) says 'I work with the periodic table in front of me at all times, and approach all challenges in terms of three particles, positively charged protons, negatively charged electrons, and neutral neutrinos'. | |||
| From: New Scientist writers (New Scientist articles [2013], 2010.10.16) |