Ideas from 'Reasoning and the Logic of Things' by Charles Sanders Peirce [1898], by Theme Structure

[found in 'Reasoning and the Logic of Things' by Peirce,Charles Sanders (ed/tr Ketner,K.L.) [Harvard 1992,0-674-74967-7]].

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1. Philosophy / D. Nature of Philosophy / 2. Invocation to Philosophy
Everything interesting should be recorded, with records that can be rearranged
                        Full Idea: Everything worth notice is worth recording; and those records should be so made that they can readily be arranged, and particularly so that they can be rearranged.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], V)
                        A reaction: Yet another epigraph for my project! Peirce must have had a study piled with labelled notes, and he would have adored this database, at least in its theory.
1. Philosophy / D. Nature of Philosophy / 5. Aims of Philosophy / a. Philosophy as worldly
Sciences concern existence, but philosophy also concerns potential existence
                        Full Idea: Philosophy differs from the special sciences in not confining itself to the reality of existence, but also to the reality of potential being.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], I)
                        A reaction: One might reply that sciences also concern potential being, if their output is universal generalisations (such as 'laws'). I take disposition and powers to be central to existence, which are hence of interest to sciences.
1. Philosophy / D. Nature of Philosophy / 5. Aims of Philosophy / e. Philosophy as reason
An idea on its own isn't an idea, because they are continuous systems
                        Full Idea: There is no such thing as an absolutely detached idea. It would be no idea at all. For an idea is itself a continuous system.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], III)
                        A reaction: This is the new anti-epigraph for this database. This idea is part of Peirce's idea that relations are the central feature of our grasp of the world.
1. Philosophy / D. Nature of Philosophy / 6. Hopes for Philosophy
Philosophy is a search for real truth
                        Full Idea: Philosophy differs from mathematics in being a search for real truth.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], I)
                        A reaction: This is important, coming from the founder of pragmatism, in rejecting the anti-realism which a lot of modern pragmatists seem to like.
1. Philosophy / E. Nature of Metaphysics / 1. Nature of Metaphysics
Metaphysics is pointless without exact modern logic
                        Full Idea: The metaphysician who is not prepared to grapple with the difficulties of modern exact logic had better put up his shutters and go out of the trade.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], I)
                        A reaction: This announcement comes before Russell proclaimed mathematical logic to be the heart of metaphysics (though it is contemporary with Frege's work, of which Peirce was unaware). It places Peirce firmly in the analytic tradition.
1. Philosophy / E. Nature of Metaphysics / 5. Metaphysics beyond Science
Metaphysics is the science of both experience, and its general laws and types
                        Full Idea: Metaphysics is the science of being, not merely as given in physical experience, but of being in general, its laws and types.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], I)
                        A reaction: I agree with this. The question then is whether such a science is possible. Dogmatic empiricists think not. Explanatory empiricists (me) think it is.
1. Philosophy / E. Nature of Metaphysics / 6. Metaphysics as Conceptual
Metaphysical reasoning is simple enough, but the concepts are very hard
                        Full Idea: Metaphysical reasonings, such as they have hitherto been, have been simple enough for the most part. It is the metaphysical concepts which it is difficult to apprehend.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], I)
                        A reaction: Peirce is not, of course, saying that it is just conceptual, because for him science comes first. It is the woolly concepts that alienate some people from metaphysics. Metaphysicians should challenge the concepts they use much, much more!
1. Philosophy / F. Analytic Philosophy / 6. Logical Analysis
Metaphysics is turning into logic, and logic is becoming mathematics
                        Full Idea: Metaphysics is gradually and surely taking on the character of a logic. And finally seems destined to become more and more converted into mathematics.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], I)
                        A reaction: Remarkably prescient for 1898. I don't think Peirce knew of Frege (and certainly not when he wrote this). It shows that the revolution of Frege and Russell was in the air. It's there in Dedekind's writings. Peirce doesn't seem to be a logicist.
3. Truth / A. Truth Problems / 6. Verisimilitude
The one unpardonable offence in reasoning is to block the route to further truth
                        Full Idea: To set up a philosophy which barricades the road of further advance toward the truth is the one unpardonable offence in reasoning.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], IV)
                        A reaction: This is Popper's rather dubious objection to essentialism in science. Yet Popper tried to do the same thing with his account of induction.
3. Truth / E. Pragmatic Truth / 1. Pragmatic Truth
'Holding for true' is either practical commitment, or provisional theory
                        Full Idea: Whether or not 'truth' has two meanings, I think 'holding for true' has two kinds. One is practical holding for true which alone is entitled to the name of Belief; the other is the acceptance of a proposition, which in pure science is always provisional.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], IV)
                        A reaction: The problem here seems to be that we can act on a proposition without wholly believing it, like walking across thin ice.
5. Theory of Logic / B. Logical Consequence / 4. Semantic Consequence |=
Deduction is true when the premises facts necessarily make the conclusion fact true
                        Full Idea: The question of whether a deductive argument is true or not is simply the question whether or not the facts stated in the premises could be true in any sort of universe no matter what be true without the fact stated in the conclusion being true likewise.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], III)
                        A reaction: A remarkably modern account, fitting the normal modern view of semantic consequence, and expressing the necessity in the validity in terms of something close to possible worlds.
5. Theory of Logic / C. Ontology of Logic / 1. Ontology of Logic
Our research always hopes that reality embodies the logic we are employing
                        Full Idea: Every attempt to understand anything at least hopes that the very objects of study themselves are subject to a logic more or less identical with that which we employ.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], VIII)
                        A reaction: The idea that external objects might be subject to a logic has become very unfashionable since Frege, but I love the idea. I'm inclined to think that we derive our logic from the world, so I'm a bit more confident that Peirce.
5. Theory of Logic / E. Structures of Logic / 6. Relations in Logic
The logic of relatives relies on objects built of any relations (rather than on classes)
                        Full Idea: In the place of the class ...the logic of relatives considers the system, which is composed of objects brought together by any kind of relations whatsoever.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], III)
                        A reaction: Peirce's logic of relations might support the purely structural view of reality defended by Ladyman and Ross. Modern logic standardly expresses its semantics in terms of set theory. Peirce pioneered relations in logic.
6. Mathematics / C. Sources of Mathematics / 10. Constructivism / c. Conceptualism
We now know that mathematics only studies hypotheses, not facts
                        Full Idea: It did not become clear to mathematicians before modern times that they study nothing but hypotheses without as pure mathematicians caring at all how the actual facts may be.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], I)
                        A reaction: 'Modern' here is 1898. As a logical principle this would seem to qualify as 'if-thenism' (see alphabetical themes). It's modern descendant might be modal structuralism (see Geoffrey Hellman). It take maths to be hypotheses abstracted from experience.
7. Existence / D. Theories of Reality / 2. Realism
Realism is the belief that there is something in the being of things corresponding to our reasoning
                        Full Idea: If there is any reality, then it consists of this: that there is in the being of things something which corresponds to the process of reasoning.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], III)
                        A reaction: A nice definition of realism, a little different from usual. I belief that the normal logic of daily thought corresponds (in its rules and connectives) to the way the world is. We evaluate success in logic by truth-preservation.
There may be no reality; it's just our one desperate hope of knowing anything
                        Full Idea: What is reality? Perhaps there isn't any such thing at all. It is but a working hypothesis which we try, our one desperate forlorn hope of knowing anything.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], III)
                        A reaction: I'm not quite sure why the hope is 'forlorn'. We have no current reason to doubt that the hypothesis is working out extremely well. Lovely idea, though.
10. Modality / B. Possibility / 7. Chance
Objective chance is the property of a distribution
                        Full Idea: Chance, as an objective phenomenon, is a property of a distribution. ...In order to have any meaning, it must refer to some definite arrangement of all the things.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], VI)
10. Modality / B. Possibility / 8. Conditionals / e. Supposition conditionals
In ordinary language a conditional statement assumes that the antecedent is true
                        Full Idea: In our ordinary use of language we always understand the range of possibility in such a sense that in some possible case the antecedent shall be true.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], II)
                        A reaction: Peirce is discussing Diodorus, and proposes the view nowadays defended by Edgington, though in the end Peirce defends the standard material conditional as simpler. I suspect that this discussion by Peirce is not well known.
11. Knowledge Aims / A. Knowledge / 4. Belief / c. Aim of beliefs
We act on 'full belief' in a crisis, but 'opinion' only operates for trivial actions
                        Full Idea: 'Full belief' is willingness to upon a proposition in vital crises, 'opinion' is willingness to act on it in relatively insignificant affairs. But pure science has nothing at all to do with action.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], I)
                        A reaction: A nice clear statement of the pragmatic view of beliefs. It is not much help in distinguishing full belief about the solar system from mere opinion about remote galaxies. Ditto for historical events.
12. Knowledge Sources / D. Empiricism / 2. Associationism
We talk of 'association by resemblance' but that is wrong: the association constitutes the resemblance
                        Full Idea: Allying certain ideas like 'crimson' and 'scarlet' is called 'association by resemblance'. The name is not a good one, since it implies that resemblance causes association, while in point of fact it is the association which constitutes the resemblance.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], VII)
                        A reaction: I take it that Hume would have agreed with this. It is an answer to Russell's claim that 'resemblance' must itself be a universal.
13. Knowledge Criteria / B. Internal Justification / 3. Evidentialism / a. Evidence
Scientists will give up any conclusion, if experience opposes it
                        Full Idea: The scientific man is not in the least wedded to his conclusions. He risks nothing upon them. He stands ready to abandon one or all as experience opposes them.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], I)
                        A reaction: In the age of massive speculative research grants, the idea that 'he risks nothing upon them' is no longer true. Ditto for building aircraft and bridges, which are full of theoretical science. Notoriously, many scientists don't live up to Peirce's idea.
14. Science / A. Basis of Science / 2. Demonstration
If each inference slightly reduced our certainty, science would soon be in trouble
                        Full Idea: Were every probable inference less certain than its premises, science, which piles inference upon inference, often quite deeply, would soon be in a bad way.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], IV)
                        A reaction: This seems to endorse Aristotle's picture of demonstration about scientific and practical things as being a form of precise logic, rather than progressive probabilities. Our generalisations may be more certain than the particulars they rely on.
14. Science / B. Scientific Theories / 1. Scientific Theory
I classify science by level of abstraction; principles derive from above, and data from below
                        Full Idea: I classify the sciences on Comte's general principles, in order of the abstractness of their objects, so that each science may largely rest for its principles upon those above it in the scale, while drawing its data in part from those below it.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], I)
                        A reaction: He places mathematics at the peak of abstraction. I assume physics is more abstract than biology. So chemistry draws principles from physics and data from biology. Not sure about this. Probably need to read Comte on it.
14. Science / C. Induction / 2. Aims of Induction
'Induction' doesn't capture Greek 'epagoge', which is singulars in a mass producing the general
                        Full Idea: The word 'inductio' is Cicero's imitation of Aristotle's term 'epagoge'. It fails to convey the full significance of the Greek word, which implies the examples are arrayed and brought forward in a mass. 'The assault upon the generals by the singulars'.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], II)
                        A reaction: Interesting, thought I don't think there is enough evidence in Aristotle to get the Greek idea fully clear.
14. Science / C. Induction / 3. Limits of Induction
How does induction get started?
                        Full Idea: Induction can never make a first suggestion.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], II)
                        A reaction: This seems to lead to the general modern problem of the 'theory-laden' nature of observation. You don't see anything at all without some idea of what you are looking for. How do you spot the 'next instance'. Instance of what? Nice.
Induction can never prove that laws have no exceptions
                        Full Idea: Induction can never afford the slightest reason to think that a law is without an exception.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], II)
                        A reaction: Part of the general Humean doubts about induction, but very precisely stated, and undeniable. You can then give up on universal laws, or look for deeper reasons to justify your conviction that there are no exceptions. E.g. observe mass, or Higgs Boson.
The worst fallacy in induction is generalising one recondite property from a sample
                        Full Idea: The most dangerous fallacy of inductive reasoning consists in examining a sample, finding some recondite property in it, and concluding at once that it belongs to the whole collection.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], V)
                        A reaction: The point, I take it, is not that you infer that the whole collection has all the properties of the sample, but that some 'recondite' or unusual property is sufficiently unusual to be treated as general.
14. Science / D. Explanation / 4. Explanation Doubts / b. Rejecting explanation
Men often answer inner 'whys' by treating unconscious instincts as if they were reasons
                        Full Idea: Men many times fancy that they act from reason, when the reasons they attribute to themselves are nothing but excuses which unconscious instinct invents to satisfy the teasing 'whys' of the ego.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], I)
                        A reaction: A strikely modern thought, supported by a lot of modern neuro-science and psychology. It is crucial to realise that we don't have to accept the best explanation we can think of.
15. Nature of Minds / A. Nature of Mind / 7. Animal Minds
We may think animals reason very little, but they hardly ever make mistakes!
                        Full Idea: Those whom we are so fond of referring to as the 'lower animals' reason very little. Now I beg you to observe that those beings very rarely commit a mistake, while we ---- !
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], I)
                        A reaction: We might take this as pessimism about reason, but I would take it as inviting a much broader view of rationality. I think nearly all animal behaviour is highly rational. Are animals 'sensible' in what they do? Their rationality is unadventurous.
15. Nature of Minds / C. Capacities of Minds / 5. Generalisation by mind
Generalisation is the great law of mind
                        Full Idea: The generalising tendency is the great law of mind.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], VII)
                        A reaction: How else could a small and compact mind get a grip on a vast and diverse reality? This must even apply to inarticulate higher animals.
Generalization is the true end of life
                        Full Idea: Generalization, the spelling out of continuous systems, in thought, in sentiment, in deed, is the true end of life.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], III)
                        A reaction: I take understanding to be the true aim of life, and full grasp of particulars (e.g. of particular people) is as necessary as generalisation. This is still a very nice bold idea.
16. Persons / C. Self-Awareness / 2. Knowing the Self
'Know yourself' is not introspection; it is grasping how others see you
                        Full Idea: 'Know thyself' does not mean instrospect your soul. It means see yourself as others would see you if they were intimate enough with you.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], V)
                        A reaction: When it comes to anger management, I would have thought that introspection had some use. You can see a tantrum coming before even your intimates can. Nice disagreement with Sartre! (Idea 7123)
17. Mind and Body / A. Mind-Body Dualism / 3. Panpsychism
Whatever is First must be sentient
                        Full Idea: I think that what is First is ipso facto sentient.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], VIII)
                        A reaction: He doesn't mention Leibniz's monads, but that looks like the ancestor of Peirce's idea. He doesn't make clear (here) how far he would take the idea. I would just say that whatever is 'First' must be active rather than passive.
18. Thought / A. Modes of Thought / 5. Rationality / a. Rationality
Reasoning involves observation, experiment, and habituation
                        Full Idea: The mental operations concerning in reasoning are three. The first is Observation; the second is Experimentation; and the third is Habituation.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], V)
                        A reaction: I like the breadth of this. Even those who think scientific reasoning has priority over logic (as I do, thinking of it as the evaluation of evidence, with Sherlock Holmes as its role model) will be surprised to finding observation and habituation there.
18. Thought / A. Modes of Thought / 5. Rationality / b. Human rationality
Everybody overrates their own reasoning, so it is clearly superficial
                        Full Idea: The very fact that everybody so ridiculously overrates his own reasoning, is sufficient to show how superficial the faculty is.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], I)
                        A reaction: A nice remark. The obvious counter-thought is that the collective reasoning of mankind really has been rather impressive, even though people haven't yet figured out how to live at peace with one another.
19. Language / C. Assigning Meanings / 9. Indexical Semantics
Indexicals are unusual words, because they stimulate the hearer to look around
                        Full Idea: Words like 'this', 'that', 'I', 'you', enable us to convey meanings which words alone are incompetent to express; they stimulate the hearer to look about him.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], II)
                        A reaction: Peirce was once of the first to notice the interest of indexicals, and this is a very nice comment on them. A word like 'Look!' isn't like the normal flow of verbiage, and may be the key to indexicals.
23. Ethics / D. Deontological Ethics / 2. Duty
People should follow what lies before them, and is within their power
                        Full Idea: Each person ought to select some definite duty that clearly lies before him and is well within his power as the special task of his life.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], I)
                        A reaction: I like that. Note especially that it should be 'well' within his power. Note also that this is a 'duty', and not just a friendly suggestion. Not sure what the basis of the duty is.
25. Social Practice / E. Policies / 5. Education / b. Education principles
We are not inspired by other people's knowledge; a sense of our ignorance motivates study
                        Full Idea: It is not the man who thinks he knows it all, that can bring other men to feel their need for learning, and it is only a deep sense that one is miserably ignorant that can spur one on in the toilsome path of learning.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], IV)
26. Natural Theory / B. Natural Kinds / 1. Natural Kinds
Chemists rely on a single experiment to establish a fact; repetition is pointless
                        Full Idea: The chemist contents himself with a single experiment to establish any qualitative fact, because he knows there is such a uniformity in the behavior of chemical bodies that another experiment would be a mere repetition of the first in every respect.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], IV)
                        A reaction: I take it this endorses my 'Upanishads' view of natural kinds - that for each strict natural kind, if you've seen one you've them all. This seems to fit atoms and molecules, but only roughly fits tigers.
26. Natural Theory / D. Laws of Nature / 1. Laws of Nature
Our laws of nature may be the result of evolution
                        Full Idea: We may suppose that the laws of nature are results of an evolutionary process. ...But this evolution must proceed according to some principle: and this principle will itself be of the nature of a law.
                        From: Charles Sanders Peirce (Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898], VII)
                        A reaction: Maybe I've missed something, but this seems a rather startling idea that doesn't figure much in modern discussions of laws of nature. Lee Smolin's account of evolving universes comes to mind.