Ideas from 'Letters to Queen Charlotte' by Gottfried Leibniz [1702], by Theme Structure
[found in 'Philosophical Essays' by Leibniz,Gottfried (ed/tr Arlew,R /Garber,D) [Hackett 1989,0-87220-062-0]].
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6. Mathematics / B. Foundations for Mathematics / 4. Axioms for Number / a. Axioms for numbers
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We know mathematical axioms, such as subtracting equals from equals leaves equals, by a natural light
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9. Objects / D. Essence of Objects / 7. Essence and Necessity / b. Essence not necessities
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A necessary feature (such as air for humans) is not therefore part of the essence
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10. Modality / D. Knowledge of Modality / 1. A Priori Necessary
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Intelligible truth is independent of any external things or experiences
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12. Knowledge Sources / B. Perception / 2. Qualities in Perception / d. Secondary qualities
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We know objects by perceptions, but their qualities don't reveal what it is we are perceiving
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12. Knowledge Sources / D. Empiricism / 1. Empiricism
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There is nothing in the understanding but experiences, plus the understanding itself, and the understander
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