Ideas from 'Reference and Essence (1st edn)' by Nathan Salmon [1981], by Theme Structure
[found in 'Reference and Essence (2nd ed)' by Salmon,Nathan [Prometheus 2005,1-59102-215-0]].
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2. Reason / D. Definition / 11. Ostensive Definition
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18889
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Ostensive definitions needn't involve pointing, but must refer to something specific
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4. Formal Logic / D. Modal Logic ML / 3. Modal Logic Systems / h. System S5
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14627
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S4, and therefore S5, are invalid for metaphysical modality [Williamson]
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9. Objects / D. Essence of Objects / 7. Essence and Necessity / a. Essence as necessary properties
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18888
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Essentialism says some properties must be possessed, if a thing is to exist
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19. Language / B. Reference / 1. Reference theories
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18886
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Frege's 'sense' solves four tricky puzzles
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19. Language / B. Reference / 3. Direct Reference / a. Direct reference
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18887
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The perfect case of direct reference is a variable which has been assigned a value
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26. Natural Theory / B. Natural Kinds / 5. Reference to Natural Kinds
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18891
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Nothing in the direct theory of reference blocks anti-essentialism; water structure might have been different
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