back to areas      Idea totals are in red.

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Expansion for all areas

	1051	1.	Philosophy
		A.	Wisdom
	37	1.	Nature of Wisdom
	32	2.	Wise People
	16	3.	Wisdom Deflated
		B.	History of Ideas
	11	1.	History of Ideas
	7	2.	Ancient Thought
	77	3.	Greek-English Lexicon
	7	4.	Early European Thought
	13	5.	Later European Thought
	2	6.	Twentieth Century Thought
		C.	History of Philosophy
	8	1.	History of Philosophy
	42	2.	Ancient Philosophy	a.	Ancient chronology
	7			b.	Pre-Socratic philosophy
	6			c.	Classical philosophy
	2			e.	Late classical philosophy
	16	3.	Earlier European Philosophy	a.	Earlier European chronology
	3			b.	Early medieval philosophy
	3			c.	Later medieval philosophy
	3			d.	Renaissance philosophy
	27	4.	Later European Philosophy	a.	Later European chronology
	6			b.	Seventeenth century philosophy
	10			c.	Eighteenth century philosophy
	7			d.	Nineteenth century philosophy
	33	5.	Modern Philosophy	a.	Modern philosophy chronology
	2			b.	Modern philosophy beginnings
	2			c.	Modern philosophy mid-period
	1			d.	Contemporary philosophy
		D.	Nature of Philosophy
	32	1.	Philosophy
	20	2.	Invocation to Philosophy
	32	3.	Philosophy Defined
	6	4.	Divisions of Philosophy
	32	5.	Aims of Philosophy	a.	Philosophy as worldly
	12			b.	Philosophy as transcendent
	7			c.	Philosophy as generalisation
	12			d.	Philosophy as puzzles
	18			e.	Philosophy as reason
	2			f.	Philosophy as healing
	11	6.	Hopes for Philosophy
	48	7.	Despair over Philosophy
	15	8.	Humour
		E.	Nature of Metaphysics
	28	1.	Nature of Metaphysics
	18	2.	Possibility of Metaphysics
	36	3.	Metaphysical Systems
	25	4.	Metaphysics as Science
	20	5.	Metaphysics beyond Science
	24	6.	Metaphysics as Conceptual
	14	7.	Against Metaphysics
		F.	Analytic Philosophy
	17	1.	Nature of Analysis
	10	2.	Analysis by Division
	8	3.	Analysis of Preconditions
	28	4.	Conceptual Analysis
	38	5.	Linguistic Analysis
	13	6.	Logical Analysis
	19	7.	Limitations of Analysis
		G.	Scientific Philosophy
	12	1.	Aims of Science
	8	2.	Positivism
	30	3.	Scientism
		H.	Continental Philosophy
	19	1.	Continental Philosophy
	23	2.	Phenomenology
	15	3.	Hermeneutics
	5	4.	Linguistic Structuralism
	3	5.	Critical Theory
	11	6.	Deconstruction

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	623	2.	Reason
		A.	Nature of Reason
	34	1.	On Reason
	20	2.	Logos
	13	3.	Pure Reason
	27	4.	Aims of Reason
	38	5.	Objectivity
	24	6.	Coherence
	17	7.	Status of Reason
	9	8.	Naturalising Reason
	28	9.	Limits of Reason
		B.	Laws of Thought
	9	1.	Laws of Thought
	23	2.	Sufficient Reason
	22	3.	Non-Contradiction
	9	4.	Contraries
	5	5.	Opposites
	27	6.	Ockham's Razor
		C.	Styles of Reason
	37	1.	Dialectic
	8	2.	Elenchus
	6	3.	Eristic
		D.	Definition
	19	1.	Definitions
	19	2.	Aims of Definition
	11	3.	Types of Definition
	25	4.	Real Definition
	23	5.	Genus and Differentia
	14	6.	Definition by Essence
	14	7.	Contextual Definition
	9	8.	Impredicative Definition
	2	9.	Recursive Definition
	4	10.	Stipulative Definition
	6	11.	Ostensive Definition
	7	12.	Paraphrase
	11	13.	Against Definition
		E.	Argument
	9	1.	Argument
	5	2.	Transcendental Argument
	8	3.	Analogy
	1	4.	Open Question
	1	5.	Reductio ad Absurdum
	8	6.	Conclusive Proof
	4	7.	Thought Experiments
		F.	Fallacies
	8	1.	Fallacy
	4	2.	Infinite Regress
	3	3.	Question Begging
	8	4.	Circularity
	5	5.	Fallacy of Composition
	1	6.	Fallacy of Division
	5	7.	Ad Hominem
	11	8.	Category Mistake	a.	Category mistakes
	5			b.	Category mistake as syntactic
	11			c.	Category mistake as semantic
	5			d.	Category mistake as pragmatic
	1			e.	Category mistake as ontological

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	626	3.	Truth
		A.	Truth Problems
	31	1.	Truth
	29	2.	Defining Truth
	36	3.	Value of Truth
	8	4.	Uses of Truth
	25	5.	Truth Bearers
	8	6.	Verisimilitude
	7	7.	Falsehood
	15	8.	Subjective Truth
	11	9.	Rejecting Truth
		B.	Truthmakers
	8	1.	For Truthmakers
	11	2.	Truthmaker Relation
	9	3.	Truthmaker Maximalism
	11	4.	Truthmaker Necessitarianism
	21	5.	What Makes Truths	a.	What makes truths
	8			b.	Objects make truths
	5			c.	States of affairs make truths
	7			d.	Being makes truths
	10	6.	Making Negative Truths
	10	7.	Making Modal Truths
	3	8.	Making General Truths
	6	9.	Making Past Truths
	5	10.	Making Future Truths
	11	11.	Truthmaking and Correspondence
	15	12.	Rejecting Truthmakers
		C.	Correspondence Truth
	35	1.	Correspondence Truth
	13	2.	Correspondence to Facts
	28	3.	Correspondence Truth critique
		D.	Coherence Truth
	23	1.	Coherence Truth
	8	2.	Coherence Truth Critique
		E.	Pragmatic Truth
	24	1.	Pragmatic Truth
		F.	Semantic Truth
	27	1.	Tarski's Truth	a.	Tarski's truth definition
	18			b.	Satisfaction and truth
	9			c.	Meta-language for truth
	35	2.	Semantic Truth
		G.	Axiomatic Truth
	35	1.	Axiomatic Truth
	3	2.	FS Truth Axioms
	6	3.	KF Truth Axioms
		H.	Deflationary Truth
	13	1.	Redundant Truth
	32	2.	Deflationary Truth
	7	3.	Minimalist Truth

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	784	4.	Formal Logic
		A.	Syllogistic Logic
	15	1.	Aristotelian Logic
	14	2.	Syllogistic Logic
	5	3.	Term Logic
		B.	Propositional Logic PL
	12	1.	Propositional Logic
	10	2.	Tools of Propositional Logic	a.	Symbols of PL
	16			b.	Terminology of PL
	14			c.	Derivation rules of PL
	18			d.	Basic theorems of PL
	17			e.	Axioms of PL
	9	3.	Truth Tables
	2	4.	Soundness of PL
	1	5.	Completeness of PL
		C.	Predicate Calculus PC
	3	1.	Predicate Calculus PC
	4	2.	Tools of Predicate Calculus	a.	Symbols of PC
	1			b.	Terminology of PC
	6			c.	Derivations rules of PC
	4			d.	Universal quantifier ∀
	4			e.	Existential quantifier ∃
	1	3.	Completeness of PC
		D.	Modal Logic ML
	18	1.	Modal Logic
	4	2.	Tools of Modal Logic	a.	Symbols of ML
	6			b.	Terminology of ML
	15			c.	Derivation rules of ML
	6	3.	Modal Logic Systems	a.	Systems of modal logic
	2			b.	System K
	6			c.	System D
	4			d.	System T
	1			e.	System K4
	5			f.	System B
	7			g.	System S4
	18			h.	System S5
	11	4.	Alethic Modal Logic
	3	5.	Epistemic Logic
	4	6.	Temporal Logic
	25	7.	Barcan Formula
		E.	Nonclassical Logics
	2	1.	Nonclassical Logics
	15	2.	Intuitionist Logic
	7	3.	Many-Valued Logic
	4	4.	Fuzzy Logic
	8	5.	Relevant Logic
	8	6.	Free Logic
	5	7.	Paraconsistency
	3	8.	Intensional Logic
	1	9.	Awareness Logic
	1	10.	Justification Logics
	1	11.	Dynamic Logics
	6	12.	Non-Monotonic Logic
		F.	Set Theory ST
	30	1.	Set Theory
	19	2.	Mechanics of Set Theory	a.	Symbols of ST
	40			b.	Terminology of ST
	4			c.	Basic theorems of ST
	4	3.	Types of Set	a.	Types of set
	30			b.	Empty (Null) Set
	12			c.	Unit (Singleton) Sets
	10			d.	Infinite Sets
	7			e.	Equivalence classes
	33	4.	Axioms for Sets	a.	Axioms for sets
	9			b.	Axiom of Extensionality I
	5			c.	Axiom of Pairing II
	3			d.	Axiom of Unions III
	1			e.	Axiom of the Empty Set IV
	13			f.	Axiom of Infinity V
	5			g.	Axiom of Powers VI
	5			h.	Axiom of Replacement VII
	6			i.	Axiom of Foundation VIII
	34			j.	Axiom of Choice IX
	2			k.	Axiom of Existence
	2			l.	Axiom of Specification
	3			m.	Axiom of Separation
	3			n.	Axiom of Comprehension
	6			o.	Axiom of Constructibility V = L
	10			p.	Axiom of Reducibility
	8	5.	Conceptions of Set	a.	Sets as existing
	1			b.	Combinatorial sets
	6			c.	Logical sets
	9			d.	Naïve logical sets
	15			e.	Iterative sets
	8			f.	Limitation of Size
	10	6.	Ordering in Sets
	10	7.	Natural Sets
	23	8.	Critique of Set Theory
		G.	Formal Mereology
	23	1.	Mereology
	11	2.	Terminology of Mereology
	9	3.	Axioms of Mereology
	3	4.	Groups

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	1242	5.	Theory of Logic
		A.	Overview of Logic
	34	1.	Overview of Logic
	15	2.	History of Logic
	23	3.	Value of Logic
	18	4.	Pure Logic
	23	5.	First-Order Logic
	27	6.	Classical Logic
	33	7.	Second-Order Logic
	8	8.	Logic of Mathematics
	2	9.	Philosophical Logic
		B.	Logical Consequence
	28	1.	Logical Consequence
	6	2.	Types of Consequence
	7	3.	Deductive Consequence |-
	16	4.	Semantic Consequence |=
	9	5.	Modus Ponens
	2	6.	Entailment
	5	7.	Strict Implication
	7	8.	Material Implication
		C.	Ontology of Logic
	22	1.	Ontology of Logic
	5	2.	Platonism in Logic
	13	3.	If-Thenism
	8	4.	Logic by Convention
		D.	Assumptions for Logic
	18	1.	Bivalence
	28	2.	Excluded Middle
	5	3.	Contradiction
	16	4.	Identity in Logic
		E.	Structures of Logic
	36	1.	Logical Form
	31	2.	Logical Connectives	a.	Logical connectives
	3			b.	Basic connectives
	13			c.	not
	7			d.	and
	8			e.	or
	2	3.	Constants in Logic
	19	4.	Variables in Logic
	13	5.	Functions in Logic
	11	6.	Relations in Logic
	6	7.	Predicates in Logic
	9	8.	Theories in Logic
		F.	Referring in Logic
	32	1.	Naming	a.	Names
	33			b.	Names as descriptive
	22			c.	Names as referential
	16			d.	Singular terms
	13			e.	Empty names
	6			f.	Names eliminated
	4	2.	Descriptions	a.	Descriptions
	21			b.	Definite descriptions
	25			c.	Theory of definite descriptions
	5	3.	Property (λ-) Abstraction
		G.	Quantification
	23	1.	Quantification
	16	2.	Domain of Quantification
	9	3.	Objectual Quantification
	23	4.	Substitutional Quantification
	11	5.	Second-Order Quantification
	24	6.	Plural Quantification
	9	7.	Unorthodox Quantification
		H.	Proof Systems
	4	1.	Proof Systems
	7	2.	Axiomatic Proof
	7	3.	Proof from Assumptions
	14	4.	Natural Deduction
	8	5.	Tableau Proof
	5	6.	Sequent Calculi
		I.	Semantics of Logic
	23	1.	Semantics of Logic
	6	2.	Formal Truth
	24	3.	Logical Truth
	12	4.	Satisfaction
	5	5.	Extensionalism
	4	6.	Intensionalism
		J.	Model Theory in Logic
	35	1.	Logical Models
	13	2.	Isomorphisms
	24	3.	Löwenheim-Skolem Theorems
		K.	Features of Logics
	31	1.	Axiomatisation
	10	2.	Consistency
	12	3.	Soundness
	14	4.	Completeness
	10	5.	Incompleteness
	17	6.	Compactness
	7	7.	Decidability
	10	8.	Enumerability
	2	9.	Expressibility
	6	10.	Monotonicity
		L.	Paradox
	5	1.	Paradox
	21	2.	Aporiai
	9	3.	Antinomies
	9	4.	Paradoxes in Logic	a.	Achilles paradox
	1			b.	König's paradox
	4			c.	Berry's paradox
	2			d.	Richard's paradox
	2			e.	The Lottery paradox
	4	5.	Paradoxes in Set Theory	a.	Set theory paradoxes
	2			b.	Cantor's paradox
	5			c.	Burali-Forti's paradox
	7			d.	Russell's paradox
	2			e.	Mirimanoff's paradox
	19	6.	Paradoxes in Language	a.	The Liar paradox
	6			b.	The Heap paradox ('Sorites')
	2			c.	Grelling's paradox
	1			d.	The Preface paradox
	3	7.	Paradoxes of Time

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	1188	6.	Mathematics
		A.	Nature of Mathematics
	30	1.	Mathematics
	31	2.	Geometry
	26	3.	Nature of Numbers	a.	Numbers
	25			b.	Types of number
	19			c.	Priority of numbers
	6			d.	Natural numbers
	30			e.	Ordinal numbers
	8			f.	Cardinal numbers
	29			g.	Real numbers
	5			h.	Reals from Cauchy
	11			i.	Reals from cuts
	2			j.	Complex numbers
	1			k.	Imaginary numbers
	7			l.	Zero
	7			m.	One
	2			n.	Pi
	21	4.	Using Numbers	a.	Units
	4			b.	Quantity
	32			c.	Counting procedure
	12			d.	Counting via concepts
	8			e.	Counting by correlation
	10			f.	Arithmetic
	11			g.	Applying mathematics
	26	5.	The Infinite	a.	The Infinite
	3			b.	Mark of the infinite
	5			c.	Potential infinite
	11			d.	Actual infinite
	1			e.	Countable infinity
	5			f.	Uncountable infinities
	15			g.	Continuum Hypothesis
	9			h.	Ordinal infinity
	10			i.	Cardinal infinity
	6			j.	Infinite divisibility
	9			k.	Infinitesimals
	6			l.	Limits
		B.	Foundations for Mathematics
	15	1.	Foundations for Mathematics
	7	2.	Proof in Mathematics
	21	3.	Axioms for Geometry
	20	4.	Axioms for Number	a.	Axioms for numbers
	2			b.	Baby arithmetic
	2			c.	Robinson arithmetic
	25			d.	Peano arithmetic
	9			e.	Peano arithmetic 2nd-order
	10			f.	Mathematical induction
	21			g.	Incompleteness of Arithmetic
	3	5.	Definitions of Number	a.	Defining numbers
	10			b.	Greek arithmetic
	46			c.	Fregean numbers
	19			d.	Hume's Principle
	13			e.	Caesar problem
	3			f.	Zermelo numbers
	4			g.	Von Neumann numbers
	36	6.	Mathematics as Set Theory	a.	Mathematics is set theory
	14			b.	Mathematics is not set theory
	34	7.	Mathematical Structuralism	a.	Structuralism
	11			b.	Varieties of structuralism
	13			c.	Nominalist structuralism
	12			d.	Platonist structuralism
	23			e.	Structuralism critique
		C.	Sources of Mathematics
	34	1.	Mathematical Platonism	a.	For mathematical platonism
	21			b.	Against mathematical platonism
	11	2.	Intuition of Mathematics
	5	3.	Mathematical Nominalism
	36	4.	Mathematical Empiricism	a.	Mathematical empiricism
	17			b.	Indispensability of mathematics
	19			c.	Against mathematical empiricism
	14	5.	Numbers as Adjectival
	33	6.	Logicism	a.	Early logicism
	23			b.	Type theory
	15			c.	Neo-logicism
	40			d.	Logicism critique
	24	7.	Formalism
	5	8.	Finitism
	11	9.	Fictional Mathematics
	16	10.	Constructivism	a.	Constructivism
	18			b.	Intuitionism
	8			c.	Conceptualism
	19			d.	Predicativism
	3			e.	Psychologism

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	1041	7.	Existence
		A.	Nature of Existence
	21	1.	Nature of Existence
	18	2.	Types of Existence
	28	3.	Being	a.	Nature of Being
	4			b.	Being and existence
	11			c.	Becoming
	13			d.	Non-being
	9			e.	Being and nothing
	15			f.	Primary being
	16			g.	Particular being
	18			h.	Dasein (being human)
	10			i.	Deflating being
	13	4.	Abstract Existence
	18	5.	Reason for Existence
	33	6.	Criterion for Existence
		B.	Change in Existence
	29	1.	Nature of Change
	21	2.	Processes
	4	3.	Moments
	17	4.	Events	a.	Nature of events
	11			b.	Events as primitive
	19			c.	Reduction of events
		C.	Structure of Existence
	25	1.	Grounding	a.	Nature of grounding
	8			b.	Relata of grounding
	8			c.	Grounding and explanation
	2			d.	Grounding and reduction
	25	2.	Reduction
	6	3.	Levels of Reality
	17	4.	Ontological Dependence
	14	5.	Supervenience	a.	Nature of supervenience
	9			b.	Types of supervenience
	23			c.	Significance of supervenience
	8			d.	Humean supervenience
	3	6.	Fundamentals	a.	Fundamental reality
	2			b.	Types of fundamental
	24			c.	Monads
	24			d.	Logical atoms
	26	7.	Abstract/Concrete	a.	Abstract/concrete
	6			b.	Levels of abstraction
	17	8.	Stuff	a.	Pure stuff
	7			b.	Mixtures
		D.	Theories of Reality
	15	1.	Ontologies
	41	2.	Realism
	25	3.	Reality
	36	4.	Anti-realism
	6	5.	Naturalism
	20	6.	Physicalism
	12	7.	Fictionalism
	21	8.	Facts	a.	Facts
	12			b.	Types of fact
	6			c.	Facts and truths
	6			d.	Negative facts
	4			e.	Facts rejected
	8	9.	States of Affairs
	7	10.	Vagueness	a.	Problem of vagueness
	15			b.	Vagueness of reality
	14			c.	Vagueness as ignorance
	18			d.	Vagueness as linguistic
	2			e.	Higher-order vagueness
	30			f.	Supervaluation for vagueness
	7			g.	Degrees of vagueness
	21	11.	Ontological Commitment	a.	Ontological commitment
	9			b.	Commitment of quantifiers
	5			c.	Commitment of predicates
	11			d.	Commitment of theories
	17			e.	Ontological commitment problems
		E.	Categories
	21	1.	Categories
	17	2.	Categorisation
	23	3.	Proposed Categories
	11	4.	Category Realism
	19	5.	Category Anti-Realism

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	881	8.	Modes of Existence
		A.	Relations
	35	1.	Nature of Relations
	15	2.	Internal Relations
	4	3.	Structural Relations
	12	4.	Formal Relations	a.	Types of relation
	2			b.	Equivalence relation
	4			c.	Ancestral relation
		B.	Properties
	35	1.	Nature of Properties
	9	2.	Need for Properties
	17	3.	Types of Properties
	18	4.	Intrinsic Properties
	30	5.	Natural Properties
	29	6.	Categorical Properties
	14	7.	Emergent Properties
	17	8.	Properties as Modes
	4	9.	Qualities
	30	10.	Properties as Predicates
	22	11.	Properties as Sets
	18	12.	Denial of Properties
	36	13.	Tropes	a.	Nature of tropes
	22			b.	Critique of tropes
		C.	Powers and Dispositions
	33	1.	Powers
	39	2.	Powers as Basic
	23	3.	Powers as Derived
	24	4.	Powers as Essence
	29	5.	Powers and Properties
	25	6.	Dispositions	a.	Dispositions
	13			b.	Dispositions and powers
	12			c.	Dispositions as conditional
	11			d.	Dispositions as occurrent
	5			e.	Dispositions as potential
	18	7.	Against Powers
		D.	Universals
	37	1.	Universals
	25	2.	Need for Universals
	12	3.	Instantiated Universals
	13	4.	Uninstantiated Universals
	7	5.	Universals as Concepts
	26	6.	Platonic Forms	a.	Platonic Forms
	21			b.	Partaking
	6			c.	Self-predication
	23			d.	Forms critiques
		E.	Nominalism
	17	1.	Nominalism	a.	Nominalism
	16			b.	Nominalism about universals
	9			c.	Nominalism about abstracta
	23	2.	Resemblance Nominalism
	13	3.	Predicate Nominalism
	6	4.	Concept Nominalism
	17	5.	Class Nominalism
	5	6.	Mereological Nominalism

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	1528	9.	Objects
		A.	Existence of Objects
	37	1.	Physical Objects
	16	2.	Abstract Objects	a.	Nature of abstracta
	5			b.	Need for abstracta
	17			c.	Modern abstracta
	7			d.	Problems with abstracta
	15	3.	Objects in Thought
	17	4.	Impossible objects
	9	5.	Simples
	37	5.	Individuation	a.	Individuation
	11			b.	Individuation by properties
	12			c.	Individuation by location
	21			d.	Individuation by haecceity
	40			e.	Individuation by kind
	30	6.	Nihilism about Objects
		B.	Unity of Objects
	23	1.	Unifying an Object	a.	Intrinsic unification
	18			b.	Unifying aggregates
	11			c.	Unity as conceptual
	41	2.	Substance	a.	Substance
	6			b.	Need for substance
	20			c.	Types of substance
	37			d.	Substance defined
	20			e.	Substance critique
	3	3.	Unity Problems	a.	Scattered objects
	8			b.	Cat and its tail
	38			c.	Statue and clay
	10			d.	Coincident objects
	29			e.	Vague objects
		C.	Structure of Objects
	15	1.	Structure of an Object
	30	2.	Hylomorphism	a.	Hylomorphism
	8			b.	Form as principle
	8			c.	Form as causal
	11			d.	Form as unifier
	13	3.	Matter of an Object
	9	4.	Quantity of an Object
	23	5.	Composition of an Object
	21	6.	Constitution of an Object
	22	7.	Substratum
	27	8.	Parts of Objects	a.	Parts of objects
	22			b.	Sums of parts
	45			c.	Wholes from parts
		D.	Essence of Objects
	27	1.	Essences of Objects
	17	2.	Types of Essence
	40	3.	Individual Essences
	21	4.	Essence as Definition
	27	5.	Essence as Kind
	24	6.	Essence as Unifier
	21	7.	Essence and Necessity	a.	Essence as necessary properties
	22			b.	Essence not necessities
	9			c.	Essentials are necessary
	21	8.	Essence as Explanatory
	33	9.	Essence and Properties
	18	10.	Essence as Species
	11	11.	Essence of Artefacts
	7	12.	Essential Parts
	29	13.	Nominal Essence
	19	14.	Knowledge of Essences
	34	15.	Against Essentialism
		E.	Objects over Time
	16	1.	Objects over Time
	17	2.	Objects that Change
	12	3.	Three-Dimensionalism
	24	4.	Four-Dimensionalism
	21	5.	Temporal Parts
	10	6.	Successive Things
	8	7.	Intermittent Objects
	9	8.	Continuity of Rivers
	19	9.	Ship of Theseus
	9	10.	Beginning of an Object
	3	11.	End of an Object
	21	12.	Origin as Essential
	3	13.	No Identity over Time
		F.	Identity among Objects
	33	1.	Concept of Identity
	14	2.	Defining Identity
	18	3.	Relative Identity
	11	4.	Type Identity
	23	5.	Self-Identity
	20	6.	Identity between Objects
	38	7.	Indiscernible Objects
	18	8.	Leibniz's Law
	9	9.	Sameness

---

	799	10.	Modality
		A.	Necessity
	8	1.	Types of Modality
	24	2.	Nature of Necessity
	26	3.	Types of Necessity
	14	4.	De re / De dicto modality
	29	5.	Metaphysical Necessity
	40	6.	Logical Necessity
	18	7.	Natural Necessity
	6	8.	Transcendental Necessity
	1	9.	Normative Necessity
	7	10.	Impossibility
	20	11.	Denial of Necessity
		B.	Possibility
	41	1.	Possibility
	3	2.	Epistemic possibility
	4	3.	Combinatorial possibility
	13	4.	Potentiality
	10	5.	Contingency
	15	6.	Probability
	10	7.	Chance
	11	8.	Conditionals	a.	Conditionals
	6			b.	Types of conditional
	25			c.	Truth-function conditionals
	15			d.	Non-truthfunction conditionals
	6			e.	Supposition conditionals
	6			f.	Pragmatics of conditionals
	23	9.	Counterfactuals
		C.	Sources of Modality
	28	1.	Sources of Necessity
	3	2.	Necessity as Primitive
	11	3.	Necessity by Convention
	13	4.	Necessity from Concepts
	15	5.	Modality from Actuality
	17	6.	Necessity from Essence
		D.	Knowledge of Modality
	22	1.	A Priori Necessary
	6	2.	A Priori Contingent
	10	3.	A Posteriori Necessary
	26	4.	Conceivable as Possible	a.	Conceivable as possible
	10			b.	Conceivable but impossible
	6			c.	Possible but inconceivable
		E.	Possible worlds
	32	1.	Possible Worlds	a.	Possible worlds
	8			b.	Impossible worlds
	13			c.	Possible worlds realism
	13			d.	Possible worlds actualism
	29			e.	Against possible worlds
	32	2.	Nature of Possible Worlds	a.	Nature of possible worlds
	8			b.	Worlds as fictions
	7			c.	Worlds as propositions
	31	3.	Transworld Objects	a.	Transworld identity
	22			b.	Rigid designation
	31			c.	Counterparts
	16			d.	Haecceitism
	9			e.	Possible Objects

---

	484	11.	Knowledge Aims
		A.	Knowledge
	38	1.	Knowledge
	43	2.	Understanding
	8	3.	Value of Knowledge
	28	4.	Belief	a.	Beliefs
	10			b.	Elements of beliefs
	25			c.	Aim of beliefs
	15			d.	Cause of beliefs
	9			e.	Belief holism
	4			f.	Animal beliefs
	5	5.	Aiming at Truth
	7	6.	Knowing How
	11	7.	Knowledge First
		B.	Certain Knowledge
	34	1.	Certainty
	7	2.	Common Sense Certainty
	13	3.	Fallibilism
	30	4.	The Cogito
	33	5.	Cogito Critique
		C.	Knowing Reality
	5	1.	Perceptual Realism	a.	Naïve realism
	16			b.	Direct realism
	9			c.	Representative realism
	31	2.	Phenomenalism
	19	3.	Idealism	a.	Idealism
	23			b.	Transcendental idealism
	15			c.	Empirical idealism
	38			d.	Absolute idealism
	8	4.	Solipsism

---

	711	12.	Knowledge Sources
		A.	A Priori Knowledge
	22	1.	Nature of the A Priori
	23	2.	Self-Evidence
	16	3.	Innate Knowledge	a.	Innate knowledge
	6			b.	Recollection doctrine
	8			c.	Tabula rasa
	19	4.	A Priori as Necessities
	26	5.	A Priori Synthetic
	7	6.	A Priori from Reason
	6	7.	A Priori from Convention
	20	8.	A Priori as Analytic
	15	9.	A Priori from Concepts
	7	10.	A Priori as Subjective
	11	11.	Denying the A Priori
		B.	Perception
	34	1.	Perception
	8	2.	Qualities in Perception	a.	Qualities in perception
	19			b.	Primary/secondary
	21			c.	Primary qualities
	32			d.	Secondary qualities
	17			e.	Primary/secondary critique
	23	3.	Representation
	23	4.	Sense Data	a.	Sense-data theory
	17			b.	Nature of sense-data
	4			c.	Unperceived sense-data
	19			d.	Sense-data problems
	26	5.	Interpretation
	21	6.	Inference in Perception
	10	7.	Causal Perception
	12	8.	Adverbial Theory
		C.	Rationalism
	42	1.	Rationalism
		D.	Empiricism
	38	1.	Empiricism
	18	2.	Associationism
	8	3.	Pragmatism
	20	4.	Pro-Empiricism
	38	5.	Empiricism Critique
		E.	Direct Knowledge
	9	1.	Common Sense
	26	2.	Intuition
	3	3.	Inspiration
	37	4.	Memory

---

	633	13.	Knowledge Criteria
		A.	Justification Problems
	15	1.	Justification	a.	Justification issues
	12			b.	Need for justification
	10			c.	Defeasibility
	10	2.	Justification Challenges	a.	Agrippa's trilemma
	13			b.	Gettier problem
	17			c.	Knowledge closure
	24	3.	Internal or External	a.	Pro-internalism
	5			b.	Pro-externalism
	3			c.	Disjunctivism
		B.	Internal Justification
	10	1.	Epistemic virtues
	8	2.	Pragmatic justification
	17	3.	Evidentialism	a.	Evidence
	9			b.	Evidentialism
	16	4.	Foundationalism	a.	Foundationalism
	15			b.	Basic beliefs
	11			c.	Empirical foundations
	8			d.	Rational foundations
	6			e.	Pro-foundations
	18			f.	Foundationalism critique
	31	5.	Coherentism	a.	Coherence as justification
	18			b.	Pro-coherentism
	23			c.	Coherentism critique
		C.	External Justification
	20	1.	External Justification
	14	2.	Causal Justification
	14	3.	Reliabilism	a.	Reliable knowledge
	15			b.	Anti-reliabilism
	3	4.	Tracking the Facts
	5	5.	Controlling Beliefs
	18	6.	Contextual Justification	a.	Contextualism
	10			b.	Invariantism
	18	7.	Testimony
	9	8.	Social Justification
	7	9.	Naturalised Epistemology
	7	10.	Anti External Justification
		D.	Scepticism
	33	1.	Scepticism
	8	2.	Types of Scepticism
	18	3.	Illusion Scepticism
	3	4.	Demon Scepticism
	7	5.	Dream Scepticism
	30	6.	Scepticism Critique
		E.	Relativism
	31	1.	Relativism
	4	2.	Knowledge as Convention
	22	3.	Subjectivism
	12	4.	Cultural relativism
	7	5.	Language Relativism
	19	6.	Relativism Critique

---

	674	14.	Science
		A.	Basis of Science
	8	1.	Observation
	27	2.	Demonstration
	15	3.	Experiment
	18	4.	Prediction
	7	5.	Anomalies
	21	6.	Falsification
		B.	Scientific Theories
	39	1.	Scientific Theory
	15	2.	Aim of Science
	14	3.	Instrumentalism
	4	4.	Paradigm
	10	5.	Commensurability
	4	6.	Theory Holism
	7	7.	Scientific Models
	8	8.	Ramsey Sentences
		C.	Induction
	27	1.	Induction
	14	2.	Aims of Induction
	32	3.	Limits of Induction
	12	4.	Reason in Induction
	20	5.	Paradoxes of Induction	a.	Grue problem
	16			b.	Raven paradox
	19	6.	Bayes's Theorem
		D.	Explanation
	18	1.	Explanation	a.	Explanation
	26			b.	Aims of explanation
	6			c.	Direction of explanation
	3			d.	Explaining people
	34	2.	Types of Explanation	a.	Types of explanation
	4			b.	Contrastive explanations
	14			c.	Explanations by coherence
	3			d.	Consilience
	35			e.	Lawlike explanations
	5			f.	Necessity in explanations
	32			g.	Causal explanations
	4			h.	Explanations by function
	32			i.	Explanations by mechanism
	14			j.	Explanations by reduction
	35			k.	Explanations by essence
	7			l.	Probabilistic explanations
	5			m.	Explanation by proof
	26	3.	Best Explanation	a.	Best explanation
	12			b.	Ultimate explanation
	11			c.	Against best explanation
	9	4.	Explanation Doubts	a.	Explanation as pragmatic
	2			b.	Rejecting explanation

---

	546	15.	Nature of Minds
		A.	Nature of Mind
	9	1.	Mind	a.	Mind
	9			b.	Purpose of mind
	14			c.	Features of mind
	9			d.	Location of mind
	10			e.	Questions about mind
	27	2.	Psuche
	12	3.	Mental Causation
	4	4.	Other Minds	a.	Other minds
	6			b.	Scepticism of other minds
	22			c.	Knowing other minds
	12			d.	Other minds by analogy
	25	5.	Unity of Mind
	12	6.	Anti-Individualism
	12	7.	Animal Minds
	15	8.	Brain
		B.	Features of Minds
	21	1.	Consciousness	a.	Consciousness
	12			b.	Essence of consciousness
	7			c.	Parts of consciousness
	12			d.	Purpose of consciousness
	18			e.	Cause of consciousness
	16			f.	Higher-order thought
	18	2.	Unconscious Mind
	9	3.	Privacy
	17	4.	Intentionality	a.	Nature of intentionality
	23			b.	Intentionality theories
	17	5.	Qualia	a.	Nature of qualia
	12			b.	Qualia and intentionality
	13			c.	Explaining qualia
	8	6.	Inverted Qualia
	7	7.	Blindsight
		C.	Capacities of Minds
	20	1.	Faculties
	13	2.	Imagination
	26	3.	Abstraction by mind
	6	4.	Objectification
	31	5.	Generalisation by mind
	9	6.	Idealisation
	12	7.	Seeing Resemblance
	3	8.	Remembering Contiguity
	6	9.	Perceiving Causation
	12	10.	Conatus/Striving

---

	492	16.	Persons
		A.	Concept of a Person
	9	1.	Existence of Persons
	5	2.	Persons as Responsible
	5	3.	Persons as Reasoners
	11	4.	Persons as Agents
		B.	Nature of the Self
	7	1.	Self and Consciousness
	4	2.	Ethical Self
	5	3.	Self as Non-physical
	20	4.	Presupposition of Self
	13	5.	Self as Associations
	9	6.	Self as Higher Awareness
	15	7.	Self and Body	a.	Self needs body
	2			b.	Self as brain
	2			c.	Self as brain controller
		C.	Self-Awareness
	15	1.	Introspection
	29	2.	Knowing the Self
	23	3.	Limits of Introspection
	5	4.	Errors in Introspection
		D.	Continuity of the Self
	4	1.	Identity and the Self
	21	2.	Mental Continuity	a.	Memory is Self
	22			b.	Self as mental continuity
	20			c.	Inadequacy of mental continuity
	7	3.	Reference of 'I'
	5	4.	Split Consciousness
	3	5.	Concerns of the Self
	2	6.	Body sustains Self
	8	7.	Self and Thinking
		E.	Rejecting the Self
	6	1.	Self as Indeterminate
	13	2.	Self as Social Construct
	6	3.	Narrative Self
	24	4.	Denial of the Self
		F.	Free Will
	30	1.	Nature of Free Will
	20	2.	Sources of Free Will
	7	3.	Constraints on the will
	22	4.	For Free Will
	40	5.	Against Free Will
	30	6.	Determinism	a.	Determinism
	11			b.	Fate
	12	7.	Compatibilism

---

	495	17.	Mind and Body
		A.	Mind-Body Dualism
	22	1.	Dualism
	18	2.	Interactionism
	12	3.	Panpsychism
	5	4.	Occasionalism
	8	5.	Parallelism
	13	6.	Epiphenomenalism
	11	7.	Zombies
	32	8.	Dualism of Mind Critique
		B.	Behaviourism
	7	1.	Behaviourism
	13	2.	Potential Behaviour
	4	3.	Intentional Stance
	25	4.	Behaviourism Critique
		C.	Functionalism
	22	1.	Functionalism
	9	2.	Machine Functionalism
	2	3.	Psycho-Functionalism
	7	4.	Causal Functionalism
	5	5.	Teleological Functionalism
	4	6.	Homuncular Functionalism
	11	7.	Chinese Room
	18	8.	Functionalism critique
		D.	Property Dualism
	10	1.	Reductionism critique
	13	2.	Anomalous Monism
	17	3.	Property Dualism
	9	4.	Emergentism
	19	5.	Supervenience of mind
	13	6.	Mysterianism
		E.	Mind as Physical
	39	1.	Physical Mind
	22	2.	Reduction of Mind
	19	3.	Eliminativism
	14	4.	Connectionism
	13	5.	Causal Argument
	4	6.	Conceptual Dualism
	14	7.	Anti-Physicalism	a.	Physicalism critique
	24			b.	Multiple realisability
	7			c.	Knowledge argument
	5			d.	Explanatory gap
	5			e.	Modal argument

---

	857	18.	Thought
		A.	Modes of Thought
	34	1.	Thought
	8	2.	Propositional Attitudes
	17	3.	Emotions	a.	Nature of emotions
	5			b.	Types of emotion
	19			c.	Role of emotions
	7			d.	Emotional feeling
	12			e.	Basic emotions
	11			f.	Emotion and reason
	13			g.	Controlling emotions
	19	4.	Folk Psychology
	28	5.	Rationality	a.	Rationality
	14			b.	Human rationality
	4			c.	Animal rationality
	20	6.	Judgement	a.	Nature of Judgement
	9			b.	Error
	2	7.	Intelligence
	7	8.	Human Thought
	19	9.	Indexical Thought
	6	10.	Rule Following
		B.	Mechanics of Thought
	4	1.	Psychology
	6	2.	Categories of Understanding
	14	3.	Modularity of Mind
	19	4.	Language of Thought
	24	5.	Mental Files
	10	6.	Artificial Thought	a.	Artificial Intelligence
	5			b.	Turing Machines
	6			c.	Turing Test
		C.	Content
	26	1.	Content
	18	2.	Ideas
	20	5.	Twin Earth
	39	6.	Broad Content
	10	7.	Narrow Content
	5	8.	Intension
	3	9.	Conceptual Role Semantics
	7	10.	Causal Semantics
	3	11.	Teleological Semantics
	2	12.	Informational Semantics
		D.	Concepts
	28	1.	Concepts	a.	Nature of concepts
	5			b.	Concepts in philosophy
	6			c.	Concepts in psychology
	12	2.	Origin of Concepts	a.	Origin of concepts
	9			b.	Empirical concepts
	15			c.	Nativist concepts
	8	3.	Ontology of Concepts	a.	Concepts as representations
	18			b.	Concepts as abilities
	20			c.	Fregean concepts
	9	4.	Structure of Concepts	a.	Conceptual structure
	10			b.	Analysis of concepts
	14			c.	Classical concepts
	22			d.	Concepts as prototypes
	10			e.	Concepts from exemplars
	16			f.	Theory theory of concepts
	4			g.	Conceptual atomism
	5			h.	Family resemblance
	4			i.	Conceptual priority
	7	5.	Concepts and Language	a.	Concepts and language
	5			b.	Concepts are linguistic
	4			c.	Concepts without language
		E.	Abstraction
	22	1.	Abstract Thought
	24	2.	Abstracta by Selection
	23	3.	Abstracta by Ignoring
	2	4.	Abstracta by Example
	7	5.	Abstracta by Negation
	5	6.	Abstracta by Conflation
	40	7.	Abstracta by Equivalence
	28	8.	Abstractionism Critique

---

	835	19.	Language
		A.	Nature of Meaning
	30	1.	Meaning
	15	2.	Meaning as Mental
	9	3.	Meaning as Speaker's Intention
	33	4.	Meaning as Truth-Conditions
	36	5.	Meaning as Verification
	27	6.	Meaning as Use
	11	7.	Meaning Holism	a.	Sentence meaning
	16			b.	Language holism
	12			c.	Meaning by Role
	8	8.	Synonymy
	4	9.	Ambiguity
	14	10.	Denial of Meanings
		B.	Reference
	29	1.	Reference theories
	5	2.	Denoting
	11	3.	Direct Reference	a.	Direct reference
	22			b.	Causal reference
	12			c.	Social reference
	17	4.	Descriptive Reference	a.	Sense and reference
	25			b.	Reference by description
	12	5.	Speaker's Reference
		C.	Assigning Meanings
	9	1.	Syntax
	26	2.	Semantics
	25	3.	Predicates
	16	4.	Compositionality
	17	5.	Fregean Semantics
	15	6.	Truth-Conditions Semantics
	8	7.	Extensional Semantics
	17	8.	Possible Worlds Semantics
	15	9.	Indexical Semantics
	20	10.	Two-Dimensional Semantics
		D.	Propositions
	33	1.	Propositions
	19	2.	Abstract Propositions	a.	Propositions as sense
	9			b.	Propositions as possible worlds
	14	3.	Concrete Propositions
	20	4.	Mental Propositions
	8	5.	Unity of Propositions
	15	6.	Propositions Critique
		E.	Analyticity
	20	1.	Analytic Propositions
	12	2.	Analytic Truths
	7	3.	Analytic and Synthetic
	17	4.	Analytic/Synthetic Critique
		F.	Communication
	24	1.	Rhetoric
	4	2.	Assertion
	10	3.	Denial
	21	4.	Private Language
	10	5.	Pragmatics	a.	Contextual meaning
	11			b.	Implicature
	5			c.	Presupposition
	6	6.	Interpreting Language	a.	Translation
	19			b.	Indeterminate translation
	21			c.	Principle of charity
	14			d.	Metaphor

---

	312	20.	Action
		A.	Definition of Action
	12	1.	Action Theory
	6	2.	Duration of an Action
	2	3.	Actions and Events
	5	4.	Action as Movement
	1	5.	Action as Trying
		B.	Preliminaries of Action
	17	1.	Intention to Act	a.	Nature of intentions
	5			b.	Types of intention
	4			c.	Reducing intentions
	6			d.	Group intentions
	33	2.	Willed Action	a.	Will to Act
	4			b.	Volitionism
	8			c.	Agent causation
	30			d.	Weakness of will
		C.	Motives for Action
	17	1.	Acting on Desires
	6	2.	Acting on Beliefs	a.	Acting on beliefs
	4			b.	Action cognitivism
	31	3.	Acting on Reason	a.	Practical reason
	31			b.	Intellectualism
	22			c.	Reasons as causes
	30	4.	Responsibility for Actions
	12	5.	Action Dilemmas	a.	Dilemmas
	14			b.	Double Effect
	12			c.	Omissions

---

	264	21.	Aesthetics
		A.	Aesthetic Experience
	9	1.	Aesthetics
	21	2.	Aesthetic Attitude
	11	3.	Taste
	30	4.	Beauty
	14	5.	Natural Beauty
	10	6.	The Sublime
		B.	Nature of Art
	10	1.	Defining Art
	9	2.	Art as Form
	2	3.	Art as Imitation
	19	4.	Art as Expression
	4	5.	Art as Language
	8	6.	Art as Institution
	9	7.	Ontology of Art
	8	8.	The Arts	a.	Music
	11			b.	Literature
		C.	Artistic Issues
	14	1.	Artistic Intentions
	4	2.	Copies of Art
	4	3.	Artistic Representation
	6	4.	Emotion in Art
	8	5.	Objectivism in Art
	14	6.	Value of Art
	39	7.	Art and Morality

---

	960	22.	Metaethics
		A.	Ethics Foundations
	9	1.	Nature of Ethics	a.	Preconditions for ethics
	15			b.	Defining ethics
	8			c.	Purpose of ethics
	28			d.	Ethical theory
	7			e.	Ethical cognitivism
	10			f.	Ethical non-cognitivism
	38			g.	Moral responsibility
	8			h.	Against ethics
	11	2.	Source of Ethics	a.	Idealistic ethics
	33			b.	Rational ethics
	31			c.	Ethical intuitionism
	10			d.	Biological ethics
	58			e.	Human nature
	18			f.	Übermensch
	8			g.	Will to power
	30			h.	Expressivism
	17			i.	Prescriptivism
	29			j.	Ethics by convention
	11			k.	Ethics from nature
		B.	Value
	23	1.	Nature of Value	a.	Nature of value
	25			b.	Fact and value
	9			c.	Objective value
	16			d.	Subjective value
	8			e.	Means and ends
	32			f.	Ultimate value
	8	2.	Values	a.	Normativity
	9			b.	Successful function
	10			c.	Life
	11			d.	Health
	26			e.	Death
	16			f.	Altruism
	54			g.	Love
	10			h.	Fine deeds
	18			i.	Self-interest
	9			j.	Evil
		C.	The Good
	24	1.	Goodness	a.	Form of the Good
	19			b.	Types of good
	12			c.	Right and good
	6			d.	Good as virtue
	6			e.	Good as knowledge
	16			f.	Good as pleasure
	34			g.	Consequentialism
	5			h.	Good as benefit
	9			i.	Moral luck
	18	2.	Happiness	a.	Nature of happiness
	15			b.	Eudaimonia
	14			c.	Value of happiness
	32			d.	Routes to happiness
	10	3.	Pleasure	a.	Nature of pleasure
	16			b.	Types of pleasure
	26			c.	Value of pleasure
	9			d.	Sources of pleasure
	12			e.	Role of pleasure
	14			f.	Dangers of pleasure

---

	987	23.	Ethics
		A.	Egoism
	26	1.	Ethical Egoism
	9	2.	Hedonism
	5	3.	Cyrenaic School
		B.	Contract Ethics
	25	1.	Contractarianism
	14	2.	Golden Rule
	8	3.	Promise Keeping
	4	4.	Value of Authority
	6	5.	Free Rider
	3	6.	Game Theory
	3	7.	Prisoner's Dilemma
	8	8.	Contract Strategies
	4	9.	Contractualism
		C.	Virtue Theory
	53	1.	Virtue Theory	a.	Nature of virtue
	22			b.	Basis of virtue
	18			c.	Particularism
	20			d.	Virtue theory critique
	5	2.	Elements of Virtue Theory	a.	Natural virtue
	8			b.	Living naturally
	44			c.	Motivation for virtue
	28			d.	Teaching virtue
	46			e.	Character
	26			f.	The Mean
	1			g.	Desires
	9			h.	Right feelings
	6			i.	Absolute virtues
	19			j.	Unity of virtue
	40	3.	Virtues	a.	Virtues
	11			b.	Temperance
	30			c.	Justice
	15			d.	Courage
	11			e.	Honour
	20			f.	Compassion
	13			g.	Contemplation
	18			h.	Respect
	8	4.	External Goods	a.	External goods
	2			b.	Health
	18			c.	Wealth
	21			d.	Friendship
		D.	Deontological Ethics
	24	1.	Deontology
	44	2.	Duty
	22	3.	Universalisability
	27	4.	Categorical Imperative
	5	5.	Persons as Ends
	19	6.	Motivation for Duty
		E.	Utilitarianism
	37	1.	Utilitarianism
	8	2.	Ideal of Pleasure
	8	3.	Motivation for Altruism
	3	4.	Unfairness
	4	5.	Rule Utilitarianism
	1	6.	Ideal Utilitarianism
		F.	Existentialism
	25	1.	Existentialism
	19	2.	Nihilism
	18	3.	Angst
	29	4.	Boredom
	10	5.	Existence-Essence
	29	6.	Authentic Self
	17	7.	Existential Action
	11	8.	Eternal Recurrence

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	912	24.	Political Theory
		A.	Basis of a State
	23	1.	A People	a.	Human distinctiveness
	24			b.	The natural life
	37			c.	A unified people
	5	2.	Population	a.	Human population
	10			b.	State population
	8	3.	Natural Values	a.	Natural freedom
	5			b.	Natural equality
	22			c.	Natural rights
	7	4.	Original Position	a.	Original position
	8			b.	Veil of ignorance
	3			c.	Difference principle
		B.	Nature of a State
	39	1.	Purpose of a State
	12	2.	State Legitimacy	a.	Sovereignty
	3			b.	Natural authority
	30			c.	Social contract
	33			d.	General will
	21	3.	Constitutions
	35	4.	Citizenship
	12	5.	Culture
		C.	Ruling a State
	23	1.	Social Power
	6	2.	Leaders	a.	Autocracy
	21			b.	Monarchy
	22			c.	Despotism
	23			d.	Elites
	11	3.	Government	a.	Government
	3			b.	Legislature
	5			c.	Executive
	2			d.	Size of government
	5	4.	Changing the State	a.	Centralisation
	5			b.	Devolution
	18			c.	Revolution
		D.	Ideologies
	10	1.	Ideology
	14	2.	Anarchism
	13	3.	Conservatism
	12	4.	Social Utilitarianism
	34	5.	Democracy	a.	Nature of democracy
	23			b.	Consultation
	9			c.	Direct democracy
	20			d.	Representative democracy
	6			e.	Democratic minorities
	13			f.	Against democracy
	24	6.	Liberalism	a.	Liberalism basics
	20			b.	Liberal individualism
	9			c.	Liberal equality
	13			d.	Liberal freedom
	10			e.	Liberal community
	10			f.	Multiculturalism
	24			g.	Liberalism critique
	35	7.	Communitarianism	a.	Communitarianism
	13			b.	Against communitarianism
	13	8.	Socialism
	36	9.	Communism
	7	10.	Theocracy
	36	11.	Capitalism
	10	12.	Feminism
	6	13.	Green Politics
	11	14.	Nationalism

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	750	25.	Social Practice
		A.	Freedoms
	29	1.	Slavery
	6	2.	Freedom of belief
	16	3.	Free speech
	10	4.	Free market
	40	5.	Freedom of lifestyle
	8	6.	Political freedom
	2	7.	Freedom to leave
		B.	Equalities
	38	1.	Grounds of equality
	16	2.	Political equality
	4	3.	Legal equality
	25	4.	Economic equality
		C.	Rights
	43	1.	Basis of Rights
	4	2.	Moral rights
	15	3.	Alienating rights
	47	4.	Property rights
		D.	Justice
	42	1.	Basis of justice
	17	2.	The Law	a.	Legal system
	12			b.	Rule of law
	22			c.	Natural law
	6			d.	Legal positivism
	21	3.	Punishment	a.	Right to punish
	13			b.	Retribution for crime
	4			c.	Deterrence of crime
	6			d.	Reform of offenders
		E.	Policies
	30	1.	War	a.	Just wars
	14			b.	Justice in war
	18			c.	Combatants
	7			d.	Non-combatants
	9			e.	Peace
	22	2.	Religion in Society
	5	3.	Welfare provision
	5	4.	Taxation
	14	5.	Education	a.	Aims of education
	18			b.	Education principles
	19			c.	Teaching
	19			d.	Study of history
		F.	Life Issues
	9	1.	Causing Death
	11	2.	Euthanasia
	33	3.	Abortion
	24	4.	Suicide
	14	5.	Sexual Morality
	33	6.	Animal Rights

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	992	26.	Natural Theory
		A.	Speculations on Nature
	34	1.	Nature
	13	2.	Natural Purpose	a.	Final purpose
	17			b.	Limited purposes
	14			c.	Purpose denied
	8	3.	Natural Function
	14	4.	Mathematical Nature
	14	5.	Infinite in Nature
	12	6.	Early Matter Theories	a.	Greek matter
	11			b.	Prime matter
	11			c.	Ultimate substances
	7			d.	The unlimited
	20			e.	The One
	28			f.	Ancient elements
	40			g.	Atomism
	10	7.	Later Matter Theories	a.	Early Modern matter
	7			b.	Corpuscles
	8			c.	Matter as extension
		B.	Natural Kinds
	20	1.	Natural Kinds
	9	2.	Defining Kinds
	9	3.	Knowing Kinds
	13	4.	Source of Kinds
	13	5.	Reference to Natural Kinds
	7	6.	Necessity of Kinds
	12	7.	Critique of Kinds
		C.	Causation
	32	1.	Causation
	21	2.	Types of cause
	5	3.	Final causes
	28	4.	Naturalised causation
	19	5.	Direction of causation
	5	6.	Causation as primitive
	19	7.	Eliminating causation
	11	8.	Particular Causation	a.	Observation of causation
	41			b.	Causal relata
	19			c.	Conditions of causation
	14			d.	Selecting the cause
	10			e.	Probabilistic causation
	24	9.	General Causation	a.	Constant conjunction
	22			b.	Nomological causation
	37			c.	Counterfactual causation
	31			d.	Causal necessity
		D.	Laws of Nature
	40	1.	Laws of Nature
	11	2.	Types of Laws
	8	3.	Laws and Generalities
	41	4.	Regularities	a.	Regularity theory
	17			b.	Best system theory
	13	5.	Laws from Universals
	6	6.	Laws as Numerical
	12	7.	Strictness of Laws
	37	8.	Scientific Essentialism	a.	Scientific essentialism
	26			b.	Scientific necessity
	22			c.	Essence and laws
	15			d.	Knowing essences
	17			e.	Anti scientific essentialism
	10	9.	Counterfactual Claims
	4	10.	Closure of Physics
	24	11.	Against Laws of Nature

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	713	27.	Natural Reality
		A.	Classical Physics
	32	1.	Mechanics	a.	Explaining movement
	10			b.	Laws of motion
	25			c.	Forces
	5			d.	Gravity
	8	2.	Thermodynamics	a.	Energy
	3			b.	Heat
	6			c.	Conservation of energy
	6			d.	Entropy
		B.	Modern Physics
	10	1.	Relativity	a.	Special relativity
	5			b.	General relativity
	13	2.	Electrodynamics	a.	Electrodynamics
	14			b.	Fields
	10			c.	Electrons
	13			d.	Quantum mechanics
	5	3.	Chromodynamics	a.	Chromodynamics
	3			b.	Quarks
	19	4.	Standard Model	a.	Concept of matter
	11			b.	Standard model
	10			c.	Particle properties
	4			d.	Mass
	4			e.	Protons
	3			f.	Neutrinos
	1			g.	Anti-matter
	2	5.	Unified Models	a.	Electro-weak unity
	8			b.	String theory
	5			c.	Supersymmetry
		C.	Space
	8	1.	Void
	12	2.	Space
	13	3.	Points in Space
	16	4.	Substantival Space
	8	5.	Relational Space
	16	6.	Space-Time
		D.	Time
	13	1.	Nature of Time	a.	Absolute time
	10			b.	Relative time
	9			c.	Idealist time
	9			d.	Time as measure
	7			e.	Eventless time
	8			f.	Eternalism
	12			g.	Growing block
	30			h.	Presentism
	11			i.	Denying time
	11	2.	Passage of Time	a.	Experience of time
	6			b.	Rate of time
	10			c.	Tenses and time
	13			d.	Time series
	12			e.	Tensed (A) series
	12			f.	Tenseless (B) series
	24			g.	Time's arrow
	5			h.	Change in time
	4			i.	Time and motion
	6			j.	Time travel
	7			k.	Temporal truths
	5	3.	Parts of Time	a.	Beginning of time
	5			b.	Instants
	4			c.	Intervals
	5			d.	Measuring time
	13			e.	Present moment
		E.	Cosmology
	16	1.	Cosmology
	8	2.	Eternal Universe
	10	3.	The Beginning
	2	7.	Black Holes
	3	8.	Dark Matter
	2	9.	Fine-Tuned Universe
	4	10.	Multiverse
		F.	Chemistry
	20	1.	Chemistry
	9	2.	Modern Elements
	17	3.	Periodic Table
		G.	Biology
	3	1.	Biology
	21	2.	Life
	23	3.	Evolution
	3	4.	Ecology
	13	5.	Species

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	428	28.	God
		A.	Divine Nature
	9	1.	God
	41	2.	Divine Nature
	21	3.	Divine Perfections
	17	4.	Divine Contradictions
	9	5.	God and Time
	11	6.	Divine Morality	a.	Divine morality
	20			b.	Euthyphro question
	14			c.	God is the good
	16			d.	God decrees morality
		B.	Proving God
	11	1.	Proof of God
	37	2.	Proofs of Reason	a.	Ontological Proof
	38			b.	Ontological Proof critique
	6			c.	Moral Argument
	6			d.	Pascal's Wager
	21	3.	Proofs of Evidence	a.	Cosmological Proof
	32			b.	Teleological Proof
	28			c.	Teleological Proof critique
	5			d.	Religious Experience
	13			e.	Miracles
		C.	Attitudes to God
	3	1.	Monotheism
	12	2.	Pantheism
	5	3.	Deism
	18	4.	God Reflects Humanity
	35	5.	Atheism

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	296	29.	Religion
		A.	Polytheistic Religion
	3	1.	Animism
	13	2.	Greek Polytheism
	8	3.	Hinduism
	6	4.	Dualist Religion
		B.	Monotheistic Religion
	3	1.	Monotheistic Religion
	15	2.	Judaism
	5	3.	Zoroastrianism
	36	4.	Christianity	a.	Christianity
	1			b.	Transubstantiation
	5			c.	Angels
	4			d.	Heresy
	4	5.	Bible
	8	6.	Islam
		C.	Spiritual Disciplines
	1	1.	Confucianism
	4	2.	Taoism
	12	3.	Buddhism
	3	4.	Zen Buddhism
		D.	Religious Issues
	30	1.	Religious Commitment	a.	Religious Belief
	4			b.	Religious Meaning
	3			c.	Religious Verification
	3			d.	Religious Falsification
	12			e.	Fideism
	35	2.	Immortality	a.	Immortality
	19			b.	Soul
	2			c.	Animal Souls
	13			d.	Heaven
	4			e.	Hell
	20	3.	Problem of Evil	a.	Problem of Evil
	6			b.	Human Evil
	4			c.	Human Error
	10			d.	Natural Evil

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