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Ideas for 'fragments/reports', 'Can Mechanisms Replace Laws of Nature?' and 'Language,Truth and Logic'

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11. Knowledge Aims / B. Certain Knowledge / 1. Certainty
Only tautologies can be certain; other propositions can only be probable [Ayer]
     Full Idea: No proposition, other than a tautology, can possibly be anything more than a probable hypothesis.
     From: A.J. Ayer (Language,Truth and Logic [1936], Ch.1)
     A reaction: A nice clear empiricist rejection of all attempts to assert necessary truths about nature. This also seems to be a rejection of empiricist foundationalism. A problem case seems to be introspective observations, which seem irrefutable and obvious.