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5 ideas

12. Knowledge Sources / D. Empiricism / 1. Empiricism
If Russell rejects innate ideas and direct a priori knowledge, he is left with a tabula rasa [Russell, by Thompson]
     Full Idea: If Russell rejects innate ideas, and he even thinks the laws of thought must by triggered by experiences (e.g. of a beech tree), and he doesn't embrace associations, this implies that he thinks the mind begins as a tabula rasa.
     From: report of Bertrand Russell (Problems of Philosophy [1912]) by George Thompson - talk
     A reaction: This nice observation places Russell as (in my view) a rather old-fashioned empiricist, who ignores Hume and Kant, and is not willing to speculate about how the mind can turn acquaintances with sense-data into knowledge
It is natural to begin from experience, and presumably that is the basis of knowledge [Russell]
     Full Idea: In the search for certainty, it is natural to begin with our present experiences, and in some sense, no doubt, knowledge is to be derived from them.
     From: Bertrand Russell (Problems of Philosophy [1912], Ch. 1)
     A reaction: Is experience the 'natural' place to begin? It didn't seem to strike Descartes that way. It seems better to say that philosophy begins when we are not quite satisfied with experience, and the natural place to begin is 'dissatisfaction'.
We are acquainted with outer and inner sensation, memory, Self, and universals [Russell, by PG]
     Full Idea: We have acquaintance with outer senses, with inner sense (by introspection), with memory (of outer or inner sensations), with a Self (probably), and also with universals (general ideas).
     From: report of Bertrand Russell (Problems of Philosophy [1912], Ch. 5) by PG - Db (ideas)
     A reaction: The spectacular odd one out in a basic empiricist theory is, of course, universals, when one expects some sort of nominalist reduction of those into sense-data. I am very sympathetic to the Russell line, though it spells big ontological trouble.
Knowledge by descriptions enables us to transcend private experience [Russell]
     Full Idea: The chief importance of knowledge by descriptions is that it enables us to pass beyond the limits of our private experience.
     From: Bertrand Russell (Problems of Philosophy [1912], Ch. 5)
     A reaction: The most basic question for empiricism concerns how we can know things beyond immediate experience. Russell is right, though this doesn't tell us much. We need to know the rules for valid descriptions, explanation, speculations etc.
12. Knowledge Sources / D. Empiricism / 5. Empiricism Critique
I can know the existence of something with which nobody is acquainted [Russell]
     Full Idea: There is no reason why I should not know of the existence of something with which nobody is acquainted.
     From: Bertrand Russell (Problems of Philosophy [1912], Ch. 4)
     A reaction: This sort of realist claim (which he goes on to say results from inferences from descriptions) is needed to save empiricism from the absurdities of Berkeley and (dare I say it?) Quine. The Kantian Ego is a candidate.