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Ideas for 'fragments/reports', 'Morality as system of hypothetical imperatives' and 'An Essay on Free Will'

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22. Metaethics / A. Ethics Foundations / 1. Nature of Ethics / e. Ethical cognitivism
Morality is inescapable, in descriptive words such as 'dishonest', 'unjust' and 'uncharitable' [Foot]
     Full Idea: There is a sense in which morality is inescapable - in moral epithets such as 'dishonest', 'unjust', 'uncharitable'; these do not cease to apply to a man because he is indifferent to the ends of morality: they may indeed apply because of his indifference.
     From: Philippa Foot (Morality as system of hypothetical imperatives [1972], p.172 n15)
     A reaction: Odysseus was admired for lying, and charity wasn't a virtue in the ancient world. They won't go away as factual descriptions, but the values attached to them vary quite a lot.
22. Metaethics / A. Ethics Foundations / 2. Source of Ethics / b. Rational ethics
Reason is not a motivator of morality [Foot, by Hacker-Wright]
     Full Idea: In her middle period she changed her mind, and attacks moral rationalism.
     From: report of Philippa Foot (Morality as system of hypothetical imperatives [1972]) by John Hacker-Wright - Philippa Foot's Moral Thought Intro
     A reaction: That is, she doubted whether moral reasons are sufficient to motivate moral actions, which presumably therefore need desires, as the Humeans claimed. Reasons rely on merely hypothetical rules.
Rejecting moral rules may be villainous, but it isn't inconsistent [Foot]
     Full Idea: The man who rejects morality because he sees no reason to obey its rules can be convicted of villainy but not of inconsistency.
     From: Philippa Foot (Morality as system of hypothetical imperatives [1972], p.161)
     A reaction: This is 'middle period' Foot, when she decided that Hume was right about the need for a desire as moral motivator. Before and after this time, she thought there were reasons to be moral, as well as desires.