51 ideas
13567 | Ontology should give insight into or an explanation of the world revealed by science [Ellis] |
Full Idea: A good ontology should provide insight into, or offer some kind of explanation of, the salient general features of the world that has been revealed to us by science. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], Intro) | |
A reaction: I think I agree with this. The difficulty is that the most fundamental level revealed by science is a quantum one, so if you take a reductionist view then your ontology is both crazy, and resting on things which are not understood. |
9821 | A definition need not capture the sense of an expression - just get the reference right [Frege, by Dummett] |
Full Idea: Frege expressly denies that a correct definition need capture the sense of the expression it defines: it need only get the reference right. | |
From: report of Gottlob Frege (Review of Husserl's 'Phil of Arithmetic' [1894]) by Michael Dummett - Frege philosophy of mathematics Ch.3 | |
A reaction: This might hit up against the renate/cordate problem, of two co-extensive concepts, where the definition gets the extension right, but the intension wrong. |
9585 | Since every definition is an equation, one cannot define equality itself [Frege] |
Full Idea: Since every definition is an equation, one cannot define equality itself. | |
From: Gottlob Frege (Review of Husserl's 'Phil of Arithmetic' [1894], p.327) | |
A reaction: This seems a particularly nice instance of the general rule that 'you have to start somewhere'. It is a nice test case for the nature of meaning to ask 'what do you understand when you understand equality?', given that you can't define it. |
13604 | Real possibility and necessity has the logic of S5, which links equivalence classes of worlds of the same kind [Ellis] |
Full Idea: The logic of real possibilities and necessities is just S5. This is because the accessibility relation for real possibilities links possible worlds of the same natural kind, which is an equivalence class. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 7.06) | |
A reaction: Most people, except Nathan Salmon, agree with this. With full accessibility, you seem to take epistemological problems out of the system, and just focus on reality. |
13606 | Humean conceptions of reality drive the adoption of extensional logic [Ellis] |
Full Idea: A Humean conception of reality lies behind, and motivates, the development of extensional logics with extensional semantics. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 8.04) | |
A reaction: His proposal seems to be that it rests on the vision of a domain of separated objects. The alternative view seems to be that it is mathematics, with its absolute equality between 'objects', which drives extensionalism. |
17446 | Counting rests on one-one correspondence, of numerals to objects [Frege] |
Full Idea: Counting rests itself on a one-one correlation, namely of numerals 1 to n and the objects. | |
From: Gottlob Frege (Review of Husserl's 'Phil of Arithmetic' [1894]), quoted by Richard G. Heck - Cardinality, Counting and Equinumerosity 3 | |
A reaction: Parsons observes that counting will establish a one-one correspondence, but that doesn't make it the aim of counting, and so Frege hasn't answered Husserl properly. Which of the two is conceptually prior? How do you decide. |
9582 | Husserl rests sameness of number on one-one correlation, forgetting the correlation with numbers themselves [Frege] |
Full Idea: When Husserl says that sameness of number can be shown by one-one correlation, he forgets that this counting itself rests on a univocal one-one correlation, namely that between the numerals 1 to n and the objects of the set. | |
From: Gottlob Frege (Review of Husserl's 'Phil of Arithmetic' [1894], p.326) | |
A reaction: This is the platonist talking. Neo-logicism is attempting to build numbers just from the one-one correlation of objects. |
9586 | In a number-statement, something is predicated of a concept [Frege] |
Full Idea: In a number-statement, something is predicated of a concept. | |
From: Gottlob Frege (Review of Husserl's 'Phil of Arithmetic' [1894], p.328) | |
A reaction: A succinct statement of Frege's theory of numbers. By my lights that would make numbers at least second-order abstractions. |
9580 | Our concepts recognise existing relations, they don't change them [Frege] |
Full Idea: The bringing of an object under a concept is merely the recognition of a relation which previously already obtained, [but in the abstractionist view] objects are essentially changed by the process, so that objects brought under a concept become similar. | |
From: Gottlob Frege (Review of Husserl's 'Phil of Arithmetic' [1894], p.324) | |
A reaction: Frege's view would have to account for occasional misapplications of concepts, like taking a dolphin to be a fish, or falsely thinking there is someone in the cellar. |
9589 | Numbers are not real like the sea, but (crucially) they are still objective [Frege] |
Full Idea: The sea is something real and a number is not; but this does not prevent it from being something objective; and that is the important thing. | |
From: Gottlob Frege (Review of Husserl's 'Phil of Arithmetic' [1894], p.337) | |
A reaction: This seems a qualification of Frege's platonism. It is why people start talking about abstract items which 'subsist', instead of 'exist'. It shows Frege's motivation in all this, which is to secure logic and maths from the vagaries of psychology. |
9577 | The naïve view of number is that it is like a heap of things, or maybe a property of a heap [Frege] |
Full Idea: The most naïve opinion of number is that it is something like a heap in which things are contained. The next most naïve view is the conception of number as the property of a heap, cleansing the objects of their particulars. | |
From: Gottlob Frege (Review of Husserl's 'Phil of Arithmetic' [1894], p.323) | |
A reaction: A hundred toothbrushes and a hundred sponges can be seen to contain the same number (by one-to-one mapping), without actually knowing what that number is. There is something numerical in the heap, even if the number is absent. |
9578 | If objects are just presentation, we get increasing abstraction by ignoring their properties [Frege] |
Full Idea: If an object is just presentation, we can pay less attention to a property and it disappears. By letting one characteristic after another disappear, we obtain concepts that are increasingly more abstract. | |
From: Gottlob Frege (Review of Husserl's 'Phil of Arithmetic' [1894], p.324) | |
A reaction: Frege despises this view. Note there is scope in the despised view for degrees or levels of abstraction, defined in terms of number of properties ignored. Part of Frege's criticism is realist. He retains the object, while Husserl imagines it different. |
13584 | The extension of a property is a contingent fact, so cannot be the essence of the property [Ellis] |
Full Idea: The extension of a property in any given world is just a contingent fact about that world; its extension is not the essence of the property. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 2.07) | |
A reaction: The Quinean idea, common among logicians, that a predicate is just a set defined for some model, may be useful in the logic, but is preposterous as an account of what a property actually is in nature, even if the set covers possible worlds. |
13587 | There is no property of 'fragility', as things are each fragile in a distinctive way [Ellis] |
Full Idea: There is no natural property of 'fragility'; glasses, parchments, ecosystems and spiders' webs are fragile in their own ways, but they have nothing intrinsic or structural in common. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 3.06) | |
A reaction: This is important (and, I think, correct) because we are inclined to say that something is 'intrinsically' fragile, but that still isn't enough to identify a true property. Ellis wants universals to be involved, and even a nominalist must sort-of agree. |
13577 | Typical 'categorical' properties are spatio-temporal, such as shape [Ellis] |
Full Idea: The paradigmatically 'categorical' properties are spatio-temporal, depending on how things are distributed in space and time. Shape is the obvious example. ...Other examples are number, size and configuration. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 1.09) | |
A reaction: I'm finding it very frustrating that this concept is much discussed in current philosophy of science (e.g. by Bird), but it is exceedingly hard to pin down any exact account of these 'categorical' properties, or even why they are so-called. |
9436 | The property of 'being an electron' is not of anything, and only electrons could have it [Ellis] |
Full Idea: There is no property of being an electron. It could only be instantiated by electrons, so it does not seem genuine. And what is the thing that supposedly instantiates the property of being an electron? | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 75,92), quoted by Stephen Mumford - Laws in Nature 7.3 | |
A reaction: I agree entirely. Bird launches an excellent attack on categorial properties. |
13582 | 'Being a methane molecule' is not a property - it is just a predicate [Ellis] |
Full Idea: In my view 'being a methane molecule' is not a property name, but a predicate that is constructed out of a natural kind name, and so pretends to name a property. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 2.03) | |
A reaction: I can't tell you how strongly I agree with this. How long have you got? This is so incredibly right that... You get the idea. He observes that such properties cannot be instantiated 'in' anything. |
13580 | Causal powers must necessarily act the way they do [Ellis] |
Full Idea: There can be no question of a causal power's acting one way in one world and another way in a different world. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 1.12) | |
A reaction: Perhaps the very core idea of scientific essentialism. It doesn't feel quite right that when you ask for the source of this necessity, you are only told that it is necessary for the very identity of a power. The truth is that it is a primitive of nature. |
13598 | Causal powers are often directional (e.g. centripetal, centrifugal, circulatory) [Ellis] |
Full Idea: Causal powers are often directional. For example, they may be centripetal, centrifugal, or circulatory. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 3.11) | |
A reaction: The examples all seem to raise a few questions, about whether the directionality arises from the context, rather than from the intrinsic power. |
13568 | Basic powers may not be explained by structure, if at the bottom level there is no structure [Ellis] |
Full Idea: It may be that the most fundamental things have no structure, and therefore no structure in virtue of which they have the powers they have. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], Intro) | |
A reaction: Maybe the world has inexplicable powers, so there is a God? It seems obvious that there will be no explanation of the 'lowest level' of reality, and also obvious (to me and Leibniz, anyway) that this lowest level has to be active. |
13586 | Maybe dispositions can be explained by intrinsic properties or structures [Ellis] |
Full Idea: One view is that there must be an intrinsic property or structure in virtue of which a given thing has the behavioural disposition in question. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 3.06) | |
A reaction: [He cites Prior, Pargetter,Jackson 1982] A key question in the metaphysics of nature - whether dispositions should be taken as primitive, or whether we should try to explain them in other terms. I take powers and dispositions to be prior to properties. |
13585 | The most fundamental properties of nature (mass, charge, spin ...) all seem to be dispositions [Ellis] |
Full Idea: The properties of the most fundamental things in nature, including mass, charge, spin, and the like, would all appear to be dispositional. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 3.05) | |
A reaction: This goes with the Leibnizian claim that the most fundamental features of nature must be active in character. |
13596 | A causal power is a disposition to produce forces [Ellis] |
Full Idea: A causal power is a disposition of something to produce forces of a certain kind. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 3.09) | |
A reaction: Hence when Leibniz was putting all his emphasis on the origin of the forces in nature, he was referring to exactly what we mean by 'powers'. From Ellis's formulation, I take powers to be more basic than dispositions. Does he realise this? |
13599 | Powers are dispositions of the essences of kinds that involve them in causation [Ellis] |
Full Idea: The causal powers of an object are the dispositional properties of that object that are the real essences of the natural kinds of processes that involve that object in the role of cause. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 3.11) | |
A reaction: This is Ellis's formal definition at the end of his discussion of causal powers. He only seems to allow powers to the kind rather than to the individual. How do we account for the causal powers of unique genius? I say the powers are the essences. |
13572 | There are 'substantive' (objects of some kind), 'dynamic' (events of some kind) and 'property' universals [Ellis] |
Full Idea: Three categories of universals: 'substantive' universals have instances that are members of natural kinds of objects or substances; 'dynamic' universals are kinds of events or processes; 'property' universals are tropes of real properties or relations. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 1.01) | |
A reaction: I would want to distinguish real properties from relations. It is important to remember that an object can traditionally instantiate a universal, and that they aren't just properties. |
13573 | Universals are all types of natural kind [Ellis] |
Full Idea: The various kinds of universals are all natural kinds of one sort or another. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 1.01) | |
A reaction: This doesn't sound right. What about the universals of mathematics, or universals which are a matter of social or linguistic convention? I think Ellis is trying to hijack the word 'universal' in response to Armstrong's more idealistic account. |
13571 | Scientific essentialism doesn't really need Kripkean individual essences [Ellis] |
Full Idea: My current view is that individual essences (about which Kripke's essentialism has a lot to say) do not matter much from the point of view of a scientific essentialist. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], Intro) | |
A reaction: [Kripke parenthesis on p.54] Presumably this is because science is only committed to dealing in generalities, and so natural kinds are needed for such things. I'm inclined to regard individual essences as prior in the pure ontology of the thing. |
13578 | The old idea that identity depends on essence and behaviour is rejected by the empiricists [Ellis] |
Full Idea: The old Aristotelian idea that the identity of a thing might depend on its essential nature, which would dispose it to behave in certain ways, is firmly rejected by empiricists. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 1.10) | |
A reaction: Ellis is accusing empiricists of having a falsely passive concept of objects. This dispute is best captured in the disagreement between Locke and Leibniz on the subject. |
13576 | Necessities are distinguished by their grounds, not their different modalities [Ellis] |
Full Idea: Strictly speaking, the distinction between two brands of necessity is one of grounds, rather than modality. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 1.06) | |
A reaction: This idea I associate with Kit Fine. I like it, because it allows 'necessity' to be a univocal concept, which seems right to me. The types of necessity arise from types of things which already occur in our ontology. |
13570 | Individual essences necessitate that individual; natural kind essences necessitate kind membership [Ellis] |
Full Idea: There are necessities grounded in the individual real essences of things, and necessities grounded in the natural kind essences of things. In the first case, without the property it isn't that individual, and in the second it isn't a member of that kind. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], Intro) | |
A reaction: This is the distinction we must hang onto to avoid a huge amount of confusion in this territory. I just say that ceasing to be that individual will presumably entail ceasing to be that kind, but not necessarily vice versa, so individual essences rule. |
13607 | If events are unconnected, then induction cannot be solved [Ellis] |
Full Idea: If one believes, as Hume did, that all events are loose and separate, then the problem of induction is probably insoluble. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 8.09) | |
A reaction: This points to the essentialist solution of induction - that we can genuinely derive inductive truths if we can inductively identify the essences which give rise to the necessities of further cases. I take that to be a correct account. |
13597 | Good explanations unify [Ellis] |
Full Idea: An acceptable explanation must have some unifying power. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 3.11) | |
A reaction: There is a tension here, between the particular and the general. If I say 'why did the building collapse' and you say 'gravity', you have certainly got a unifying explanation, but we want something narrower. |
13601 | Explanations of particular events are not essentialist, as they don't reveal essential structures [Ellis] |
Full Idea: Explanations of particular events in history, geology, or evolution, are causal explanations, requiring belief in some causal mechanisms. But they are not essentialist explanations because they do not seek to lay bare the essential structure of anything. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 4.05) | |
A reaction: The explanation might be two-stage, as when we explain an earthquake by a plate boundary rupture, which is in turn explained by a theory of plate techtonics. The relationship between mechanistic and essentialist explanation needs study. |
13569 | To give essentialist explanations there have to be natural kinds [Ellis] |
Full Idea: There can be no essentialist explanations constructed in any field where the subject matter is not naturally divided into kinds. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], Intro) | |
A reaction: A crux. I like individual essences, such as the character of a particular person. However, Ellis may be right, since while we may identify an individual essence as the source of a behaviour, we may not then be able to give any 'explanation'. |
13600 | The point of models in theories is not to idealise, but to focus on what is essential [Ellis] |
Full Idea: Most model theories abstract from reality in order to focus on the essential nature of some kind of process or system of relations. ... The point of idealizing in this case is not to simplify, but to eliminate what is not essential. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 4.03) | |
A reaction: I like this idea a lot. It is where scientific essentialism cashes out in actual scientific practice. Ellis's example is the idealised Carnot heat engine, which never can exist, but which captures what is essential about the process. |
9581 | Many people have the same thought, which is the component, not the private presentation [Frege] |
Full Idea: The same thought can be grasped by many people. The components of a thought, and even more so the things themselves, must be distinguished from the presentations which in the soul accompany the grasping of a thought. | |
From: Gottlob Frege (Review of Husserl's 'Phil of Arithmetic' [1894], p.325) | |
A reaction: This is the basic realisation, also found in Russell, of how so much confusion has crept into philosophy, in Berkeley, for example. Frege starts down the road which leads to the externalist view of content. |
9579 | Disregarding properties of two cats still leaves different objects, but what is now the difference? [Frege] |
Full Idea: If from a black cat and a white cat we disregard colour, then posture, then location, ..we finally derive something which is completely without restrictions on content; but what is derived from the objects does differ, although it is not easy to say how. | |
From: Gottlob Frege (Review of Husserl's 'Phil of Arithmetic' [1894], p.324) | |
A reaction: This is a key objection to abstractionism for Frege - we are counting two cats, not two substrata of essential catness, or whatever. But what makes a cat countable? (Key question!) It isn't its colour, or posture or location. |
9587 | How do you find the right level of inattention; you eliminate too many or too few characteristics [Frege] |
Full Idea: Inattention is a very strong lye which must not be too concentrated, or it dissolves everything (such as the connection between the objects), but must not be too weak, to produce sufficient change. Personally I cannot find the proper dilution. | |
From: Gottlob Frege (Review of Husserl's 'Phil of Arithmetic' [1894], p.330) | |
A reaction: We may sympathise with the lack of precision here (frustrating for a logician), but it is not difficult to say of a baseball defence 'just concentrate on the relations, and ignore the individuals who implement it'. You retain basic baseball skills. |
9588 | Number-abstraction somehow makes things identical without changing them! [Frege] |
Full Idea: Number-abstraction simply has the wonderful and very fruitful property of making things absolutely the same as one another without altering them. Something like this is possible only in the psychological wash-tub. | |
From: Gottlob Frege (Review of Husserl's 'Phil of Arithmetic' [1894], p.332) | |
A reaction: Frege can be awfully sarcastic. I don't really see his difficulty. For mathematics we only need to know what is countable about an object - we don't need to know how many hairs there are on the cat, only that it has identity. |
9583 | Psychological logicians are concerned with sense of words, but mathematicians study the reference [Frege] |
Full Idea: The psychological logicians are concerned with the sense of the words and with the presentations, which they do not distinguish from the sense; but the mathematicians are concerned with the matter itself, with the reference of the words. | |
From: Gottlob Frege (Review of Husserl's 'Phil of Arithmetic' [1894], p.326) | |
A reaction: This is helpful for showing the point of his sense/reference distinction; it is part of his campaign against psychologism, by showing that there is a non-psychological component to language - the reference, where it meets the public world. |
9584 | Identity baffles psychologists, since A and B must be presented differently to identify them [Frege] |
Full Idea: The relation of sameness remains puzzling to a psychological logician. They cannot say 'A is the same as B', because that requires distinguishing A from B, so that these would have to be different presentations. | |
From: Gottlob Frege (Review of Husserl's 'Phil of Arithmetic' [1894], p.327) | |
A reaction: This is why Frege needed the concept of reference, so that identity could be outside the mind (as in Hesperus = Phosophorus). Think about an electron; now think about a different electron. |
468 | Musical performance can reveal a range of virtues [Damon of Ath.] |
Full Idea: In singing and playing the lyre, a boy will be likely to reveal not only courage and moderation, but also justice. | |
From: Damon (fragments/reports [c.460 BCE], B4), quoted by (who?) - where? |
13583 | There might be uninstantiated natural kinds, such as transuranic elements which have never occurred [Ellis] |
Full Idea: There are reasons to believe that there are natural kinds that might never be instantiated, such as a transuranic element, capable of existing for some fraction of a second, but which has never actually existed anywhere. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 2.05) | |
A reaction: He cautiously claims that kinds are ontologically prior to their individual members. I would say that there is no natural kind of the type that he describes. He says you have at least some grounds for predicting what kinds are possible. |
13574 | Natural kinds are distinguished by resting on essences [Ellis] |
Full Idea: Natural kinds are distinguished from other sorts of things by their associations with essential properties and real essences. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 1.02) | |
A reaction: I don't think I agree with this. I rest my notion of natural kind on the elementary realising that to know all about this kind you only have to examine one sample of it, as in the Upanishads. The source of such a phenomenon is an open question. |
13575 | If there are borderline cases between natural kinds, that makes them superficial [Ellis] |
Full Idea: There cannot be any borderline cases between the real essences of different natural kinds because, if there were, the distinctions between the kinds would be superficial, like the blue/green distinction. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 1.05) | |
A reaction: His particular target here is biological natural kinds, in which he doesn't believe, because they blur across time, in the evolutionary process. Personally I am inclined to relax the notion of a natural kind, otherwise they are too basic to explain. |
13595 | Laws don't exist in the world; they are true of the world [Ellis] |
Full Idea: Laws are not things that exist in the world; they are things that are true of the world. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 3.09) | |
A reaction: I'm happy with this formulation. The one to get rid of is the idea of laws which could precede creation of the universe, and survive its demise. That might be possible, but we have absolutely no grounds for the claim. Humeans ought to agree. |
13566 | A proton must have its causal role, because without it it wouldn't be a proton [Ellis] |
Full Idea: I assume it is metaphysically impossible for a proton to have a different causal role, ...which is plausible because a proton would appear to have no identity at all apart from its role in causal processes. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], Intro) | |
A reaction: This seems to be a key idea in scientific essentialism, which links essentialism of identity with essentialism in the laws of nature. Could a proton become not-quite-a-proton? |
13579 | What is most distinctive of scientific essentialism is regarding processes as natural kinds [Ellis] |
Full Idea: What is most distinctive of the scientific version of essentialism is that scientific essentialists are realists about natural kinds of processes, as well as natural kinds of objects and substances. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 1.11) | |
A reaction: I'm not sure whether other scientific essentialists would agree with this, but I am happy to go along with it. A process like melting or sublimation seems to be a standard widespread phenomenon which is always intrinsically the same, as kinds must be. |
13581 | Scientific essentialism is more concerned with explanation than with identity (Locke, not Kripke) [Ellis] |
Full Idea: Scientific essentialism is less concerned with questions of identity, and more with questions of explanation, than is the essentialism of Aristotle or of Kripke. It is closest to the kind of essentialism described by Locke. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 1.12) | |
A reaction: Locke is popularly held to be anti-essentialist, but that is only because of his epistemological problems. I think Ellis is here misreading Aristotle, and I would ally Aristotle, Locke (cautiously), Leibniz, Ellis and Fine against Kripkeans on this one. |
13594 | The ontological fundamentals are dispositions, and also categorical (spatio-temporal and structural) properties [Ellis] |
Full Idea: We do not claim, as some do, that fundamental dispositional properties are the ontological basis of all properties. On the contrary, there are equally fundamental categorical properties - for example, spatio-temporal relations and structures. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 3.09) | |
A reaction: The source of disagreement between Bird and Ellis. Bird denies the existence of 'categorical properties'. I think I am with Bird. Space and time are as much part of the given as the elements, and then categorical properties result from dispositions. |
13603 | A primary aim of science is to show the limits of the possible [Ellis] |
Full Idea: Scientific essentialists hold that one of the primary aims of science is to define the limits of the possible. | |
From: Brian Ellis (Scientific Essentialism [2001], 7.06) | |
A reaction: I like this. It breaks down into the study of modal profiles, and it can work for abstracta as well as for the physical world. It even covers the study of character, and you could say that it is the subject matter of Jane Austen. |