38 ideas
20678 | The Scientific Revolution was the discovery of our own ignorance [Harari] |
Full Idea: The great discovery of the Scientific Revolution was that humans do not know the answers to their most important question. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 14 'Ignoramus') | |
A reaction: I think of that revolution as raising the bar in epistemology, but this idea gives a motivation for doing so. Why the discovery then, and not before? |
20686 | For millenia people didn't know how to convert one type of energy into another [Harari] |
Full Idea: For millenia people didn't know how to convert one type of energy into another, …and the only machine capable of performing energy conversion was the body. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 17 'Intro') | |
A reaction: Hence the huge and revolutionary importance of the steam engine and the electricity generator. |
10397 | Abelard's mereology involves privileged and natural divisions, and principal parts [Abelard, by King,P] |
Full Idea: Abelard's theory of substantial integral wholes is not a pure mereology in the modern sense, since he holds that there are privileged divisions; ..the division of a whole must be into its principal parts. Some wholes have a natural division. | |
From: report of Peter Abelard (works [1135]) by Peter King - Peter Abelard 2 | |
A reaction: This is a mereology that cuts nature at the joints, rather than Lewis's 'unrestricted composition', so I find Abelard rather appealing. |
21982 | I only wish I had such eyes as to see Nobody! It's as much as I can do to see real people. [Carroll,L] |
Full Idea: "I see nobody on the road," said Alice. - "I only wish I had such eyes," the King remarked. ..."To be able to see Nobody! ...Why, it's as much as I can do to see real people." | |
From: Lewis Carroll (C.Dodgson) (Through the Looking Glass [1886], p.189), quoted by A.W. Moore - The Evolution of Modern Metaphysics 07.7 | |
A reaction: [Moore quotes this, inevitably, in a chapter on Hegel] This may be a better candidate for the birth of philosophy of language than Frege's Groundwork. |
10396 | If 'animal' is wholly present in Socrates and an ass, then 'animal' is rational and irrational [Abelard, by King,P] |
Full Idea: Abelard argued that if the universal 'animal' were completely present in both Socrates and an ass, making each wholly an animal, then the same thing, animal, will be simultaneously rational and irrational, with contraries present in the whole thing. | |
From: report of Peter Abelard (works [1135]) by Peter King - Peter Abelard 2 | |
A reaction: If we have universals for rationality and irrationality, they can distinguish the two. But we must also say that rationality is not an aspect of animal, which seems to mean that mind isn't either. What is the essence of an animal? Not reason? |
10395 | Abelard was an irrealist about virtually everything apart from concrete individuals [Abelard, by King,P] |
Full Idea: Abelard was an irrealist about universals, but also about propositions, events, times other than the present, natural kinds, relations, wholes, absolute space, hylomorphic composites, and the like. The concrete individual is enough to populate the world. | |
From: report of Peter Abelard (works [1135]) by Peter King - Peter Abelard 2 | |
A reaction: If a Nominalist claims that 'only particulars exist', this makes him an extreme nominalist, and remarkably materialistic for his time (though he accepted the soul, as well as God). |
15384 | Only words can be 'predicated of many'; the universality is just in its mode of signifying [Abelard, by Panaccio] |
Full Idea: Abelard concluded that only words can be 'predicated of many'. A universal is nothing but a general linguistic predicate, and its universality depends not on its mode of being, but on its mode of signifying. | |
From: report of Peter Abelard (works [1135]) by Claude Panaccio - Medieval Problem of Universals 'Peter' | |
A reaction: Abelard seems to be the originator of what is now called Predicate Nominalism, with Nelson Goodman as his modern representative. If it is just words, is there no fact of two things having the 'same' property? |
8481 | The de dicto-de re modality distinction dates back to Abelard [Abelard, by Orenstein] |
Full Idea: The de dicto-de re modality distinction dates back to Abelard. | |
From: report of Peter Abelard (works [1135]) by Alex Orenstein - W.V. Quine Ch.7 | |
A reaction: Most modern philosophers couldn't (apparently) care less where a concept originated, but one of the principles of this database is that such things do matter. I'm not sure why, but if we want the whole picture, we need the historical picture. |
15385 | Abelard's problem is the purely singular aspects of things won't account for abstraction [Panaccio on Abelard] |
Full Idea: Abelard's problem is that it is not clear how singular forms could do the job they are supposed to do - to account for abstraction, namely - if they were purely singular aspects. | |
From: comment on Peter Abelard (works [1135]) by Claude Panaccio - Medieval Problem of Universals 'Peter' | |
A reaction: A very nice question! If we say that abstracta are just acquired by ignoring all but that feature in some objects, how do we identify 'that' feature in order to select it? The instances must share something in common to be abstracted. |
15383 | Nothing external can truly be predicated of an object [Abelard, by Panaccio] |
Full Idea: Abelard argued from the commonly accepted definition of a universal as 'what can be predicated of man', that no external thing can ever be predicated of anything. | |
From: report of Peter Abelard (works [1135]) by Claude Panaccio - Medieval Problem of Universals 'Peter' | |
A reaction: It sounds to me as if Abelard is confusing predicates with properties! Maybe no external can be a property of anything, but I take predicates to just be part of what you can say about anything, and that had better included external facts. |
20692 | Money does produce happiness, but only up to a point [Harari] |
Full Idea: An interesting conclusion (from questionnaires) is that money does indeed bring happiness. But only up to a point, and beyond that point it has little significance. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 19 'Counting') | |
A reaction: The question is whether that flattening-off point is relative to those around us, or absolute, according to the needs of living. Though these two may not be separate. |
20663 | If a group is bound by gossip, the natural size is 150 people [Harari] |
Full Idea: Sociological research has shown that the maximum 'natural' size of a group bound by gossip is about 150 individuals. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 02 'Legend') | |
A reaction: On the other hand, most of us can learn the names of a group of about 450. Maybe the 'known' group and the 'gossip' group are equally significant. Not much use for a modern state, but of interest to communitarians. |
20677 | Since 1500 human population has increased fourteenfold, and consumption far more [Harari] |
Full Idea: In the year 1500 there were about 500 million Homo sapiens in the world. Today there are 7 billion. …Human population has increased fourteenfold, our production 240-fold, and energy consumption 115-fold. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 14 'Discovery') | |
A reaction: We really need to grasp how extraordinary this is. |
20688 | People 300m tons; domesticated animals 700m tons; larger wild animals 100m tons [Harari] |
Full Idea: The combined mass of homo sapiens is about 300 million tons; the mass of all domesticated farmyard animals is about 700 million tons; the mass of the surviving larger wild animals (from porcupines up) is less than 100 million tons. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 18 'Permanent') | |
A reaction: These really are figures that deserve much wider currency. Every school entrance hall needs a board with a few of the basic dramatic statistics about human life on Earth. |
20674 | The Nazi aim was to encourage progressive evolution, and avoid degeneration [Harari] |
Full Idea: The main ambition of the Nazis was to protect humankind from degeneration and encourage its progressive evolution. …Given the state of scientific knowledge in 1933, Nazi beliefs were hardly outside the pale. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 12 'Worship') | |
A reaction: It still sounds a fairly worthy ambition, close to the heart of educationalists everywhere. The problems start with the definition of 'degeneration' and 'progress'. |
20679 | We stabilise societies with dogmas, either of dubious science, or of non-scientific values [Harari] |
Full Idea: Modern attempts to stabilise the sociopolitical order either declare a scientific theory (such as racial theories for Nazis, or economic ones for Communists) to be an absolute truths, or declare non-scientific dogmas (such as liberal values) | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 14 'Ignoramus') | |
A reaction: [compressed] |
20690 | The state fostered individualism, to break the power of family and community [Harari] |
Full Idea: States and markets use their growing power to weaken the bonds of family and community. They made an offer that couldn't be refused - 'become individuals' (over marriage, jobs and residence). The 'romantic individual' is not a rebel against the state. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 18 'Collapse') | |
A reaction: [compressed] See the film 'Breaking the Waves'. An interesting slant on the Romantic movement. See Wordsworth's 'Michael'. Capitalism needs shoppers with their own money, and a mobile workforce. |
20689 | In 1750 losing your family and community meant death [Harari] |
Full Idea: A person who lost her family and community around 1750 was as good as dead. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 18 'Collapse') | |
A reaction: This is a very good advert for liberal individualism, and marks the downside of 'too much community'. |
20681 | The sacred command of capitalism is that profits must be used to increase production [Harari] |
Full Idea: In the new capitalist creed, the first and most sacred commandment is: The profits of production must be reinvested in increasing production. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 16 'Growing') | |
A reaction: In this sense, capitalism is less greedy than its predecessors. 17th century aristocratic monopolists simply spent the profits of their activities. See the gorgeous clothes then (and pyramids and palaces), and the quiet suits of capitalists. |
20682 | The main rule of capitalism is that all other goods depend on economic growth [Harari] |
Full Idea: The principle tenet of capitalism is that economic growth is the supreme good, or at least a proxy for it, because justice, freedom, and even happiness all depend on economic growth. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 16 'Growing') | |
A reaction: In this respect, the main opponent of captitalism is green politics, rather than marxism. |
20683 | The progress of capitalism depends entirely on the new discoveries and gadgets of science [Harari] |
Full Idea: The history of capitalism is unintelligible without taking science into account. …The human economy has managed to keep on going only thanks to the fact that scientists come up with a new discovery or gadget every few years. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 16 'Growing') | |
A reaction: For example, the desperate but unconvincing attempts to persuade us of the novelty of new models of car. Built-in obsolescence is needed once a design becomes static. |
20687 | In capitalism the rich invest, and the rest of us go shopping [Harari] |
Full Idea: The supreme commandment of the rich is 'invest!', and the supreme commandment of the rest of us is 'buy!' | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 17 'Age') | |
A reaction: Hence not only do the rich get much richer, while most of us remain roughly where we were, but there is a huge gulf between the investors and the non-investors. Encouraging small investors is a step forward. |
20685 | No market is free of political bias, and markets need protection of their freedoms [Harari] |
Full Idea: There is no such thing as a market free of all political bias, …and markets by themselves offer no protection against fraud, theft and violence. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 16 'Cult') | |
A reaction: Is this in theory, or in practice? In Sicily the free market has been a tool of the mafia. |
20693 | Freedom may work against us, as individuals can choose to leave, and make fewer commitments [Harari] |
Full Idea: The freedom we value so highly may work against us. We can choose our spouses, friends and neighbours, but they can choose to leave us. With the individual wielding unprecedented power to decide her own path, we find it ever harder to make commitments. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 19 'Counting') | |
A reaction: This is the worry of the communitarian. I take freedom to be a great social virtue - but an overrated one. |
20691 | Real peace is the implausibility of war (and not just its absence) [Harari] |
Full Idea: Real peace is not the mere absence of war. Real peace is the implausibility of war. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 18 'Pax') | |
A reaction: I have a nasty feeling that war only becomes implausible because it hasn't happened for a long time. War looked implausible for Britain in 1890. War certainly now looks implausible in western Europe. |
20684 | Financing is increasingly through credit rather than taxes; people prefer investing to taxation [Harari] |
Full Idea: The European conquest of the world was increasingly financed through credit rather than taxes. …Nobody wants to pay taxes, but everyone is happy to invest. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 16 'Columbus') | |
A reaction: This is presumably the mechanism that drives the unstoppable increase of the gulf between the rich and the poor in modern times. With investment, the rich get richer. |
20675 | The more you know about history, the harder it becomes to explain [Harari] |
Full Idea: A distinguishing mark of history is that the better you know a historical period, the harder it becomes to explain why things happened one way and not another. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 13 'Hindsight') | |
A reaction: Presumaby that means it resembles statistics. Each individual reading is perplexing, but some patterns emerge on the large scale. |
20676 | History teaches us that the present was not inevitable, and shows us the possibilities [Harari] |
Full Idea: We study history not to know the future but to widen our horizons, to understand that our present situation is neither natural nor inevitable, and the we consequently have many more possibilities before us than we can imagine. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 13 'Hindsight') | |
A reaction: On the whole winners forget history, and losers are branded through and through with it. If you don't know history, you can never understand the latter group. |
10398 | Natural kinds are not special; they are just well-defined resemblance collections [Abelard, by King,P] |
Full Idea: In Abelard's view a natural kind is a well-defined collection of things that have the same features, so that natural kinds have no special status, being no more than discrete integral wholes whose principle of membership is similarity. | |
From: report of Peter Abelard (works [1135]) by Peter King - Peter Abelard 2 | |
A reaction: I take a natural kind to be a completely stable and invariant class of things. Presumably this invariance has an underlying explanation, but Abelard seems to take the Humean line that we cannot penetrate beyond the experienced surface. |
20671 | In order to explain both order and evil, a single evil creator is best, but no one favours that [Harari] |
Full Idea: Monotheism explains order but not evil, and dualist religion explains evil but not order. One logical solution is a single omnipotent God who created the universe, and is evil - but nobody in history has had much stomach for that belief. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 12 'Battle') | |
A reaction: Eh? Is there not also good, which also needs explaining? And there is some chaos to be explained too. Hume offers the best explanations. An inexperienced god, a team of squabbling gods, a god with shifting moods…. Study the facts first. |
20664 | Animism is belief that every part of nature is aware and feeling, and can communicate [Harari] |
Full Idea: Animism is the belief that almost every place, every animal, every plant and every natural phenomenon has awareness and feelings, and can communicated direct with humans. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 03 'Talking') | |
A reaction: So does this count as a 'supernatural' belief system? It seems not, if the awareness is integral to the natural feature, and dies with it. Panpsychism is not supernatural either. A problem for anyone trying to define Naturalism. |
20666 | Most polytheist recognise one supreme power or law, behind the various gods [Harari] |
Full Idea: Polytheism does not necessarily dispute the existence of a single power or law governing the entire universe. Most poytheist and even animist religions recognised such a supreme power that stands behind all the different gods, demons and holy rocks. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 12 'Benefits') | |
A reaction: Presumably this one supreme power was always taken to be too remote for communication or worship. Are the other gods seen as slaves, or friends, or ambassadors of the Supreme One? |
20667 | Polytheism is open-minded, and rarely persecutes opponents [Harari] |
Full Idea: Polytheism is inherently open-minded, and rarely persecutes 'heretics' and 'infidels'. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 12 'Benefits') | |
A reaction: The Old Testament tells of the Jews turning on local pagans, and India was presumably tolerant Hindus encountering less tolerant Muslims. Then there's Christians in Africa. Dreadful bunch, the monotheists. Romans killed very few Christians. |
20665 | Mythologies are usual contracts with the gods, exchanging devotion for control of nature [Harari] |
Full Idea: Much of ancient mythology is a legal contract in which humans promise everlasting devotion to the gods in exchange for mastery over plants and animals. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 12 'Silencing') | |
A reaction: [He cites the first book of Genesis] So how readily do you swith allegiance, if someone else's gods are more successful? Why be loyal a loser. It should be like shopping - but I bet it wasn't. |
20669 | Dualist religions see everything as a battleground of good and evil forces [Harari] |
Full Idea: Polytheism gave birth to monotheism, and to dualistic religions. Dualism explains that the entire universe is a battleground between good and evil forces, and everything that happens is part of that struggle. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 12 'Battle') | |
A reaction: Presumably we are supposed to support the good guys, so the gods are not equals. God v Satan seems the right model, but Satan has to be beyond God's control, or else the problem of evil has to be solved. Empedocles held something like this. |
20670 | Dualist religions say the cosmos is a battleground, so can’t explain its order [Harari] |
Full Idea: Dualist religions solve the problem of evil, but are unnerved by the Problem of Order. …If Good and Evil battle for control of the world, who enforces the laws governing this cosmic war? | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 12 'Battle') | |
A reaction: You might explain it if one side was persistently winning, which is roughly God v Satan. |
20673 | Manichaeans and Gnostics: good made spirit, evil made flesh [Harari] |
Full Idea: Manichaeans and Gnostics argued that the good god created the spirit and the soul, whereas matter and bodes are the creation of the evil god. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 12 'Battle') | |
A reaction: Hm. What motivated the evil god to do that? The evil god's achievement looks a lot more impressive. |
20668 | Monotheism appeared in Egypt in 1350 BCE, when the god Aten was declared supreme [Harari] |
Full Idea: The first monotheist religion known to us appeared in Egypt c.1350 BCE, when Pharaoh Akenaten declared that one of minor deities of the Egyptian pantheon, the god Aten, was in fact the supreme power ruling the universe. | |
From: Yuval Noah Harari (Sapiens: brief history of humankind [2014], 12 'God') | |
A reaction: Zeus seems to have started like a tribal chief, and eventually turned into something like God. |