Combining Texts

All the ideas for 'Locke on Essences and Kinds', 'Russell' and 'Reference and Contingency'

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8 ideas

6. Mathematics / C. Sources of Mathematics / 6. Logicism / a. Early logicism

6408	Russell needed three extra axioms to reduce maths to logic: infinity, choice and reducibility [Grayling]

9. Objects / D. Essence of Objects / 13. Nominal Essence

15642

If kinds depend only on what can be observed, many underlying essences might produce the same kind [Eagle]

15645

Nominal essence are the observable properties of things [Eagle]

15643

Nominal essence mistakenly gives equal weight to all underlying properties that produce appearances [Eagle]

10. Modality / B. Possibility / 5. Contingency

14895

'Superficial' contingency: false in some world; 'Deep' contingency: no obvious verification [Evans, by Macià/Garcia-Carpentiro]

10. Modality / E. Possible worlds / 3. Transworld Objects / b. Rigid designation

11881

Rigid designators can be meaningful even if empty [Evans, by Mackie,P]

12. Knowledge Sources / A. A Priori Knowledge / 2. Self-Evidence

6414	Two propositions might seem self-evident, but contradict one another [Grayling]

26. Natural Theory / B. Natural Kinds / 4. Source of Kinds

15641

Kinds are fixed by the essential properties of things - the properties that make it that kind of thing [Eagle]