8 ideas
| 4304 | Descartes says there are two substance, Spinoza one, and Leibniz infinitely many [Cottingham] |
| 15642 | If kinds depend only on what can be observed, many underlying essences might produce the same kind [Eagle] |
| 15645 | Nominal essence are the observable properties of things [Eagle] |
| 15643 | Nominal essence mistakenly gives equal weight to all underlying properties that produce appearances [Eagle] |
| 4303 | The notion of substance lies at the heart of rationalist metaphysics [Cottingham] |
| 15641 | Kinds are fixed by the essential properties of things - the properties that make it that kind of thing [Eagle] |
| 19068 | Causation interests us because we want to explain change [Mumford] |
| 4306 | For rationalists, it is necessary that effects be deducible from their causes [Cottingham] |