9 ideas
| 20771 | Six parts: dialectic, rhetoric, ethics, politics, physics, theology [Cleanthes, by Diog. Laertius] |
| 20955 | Art can make reason more all-inclusive, by articulating what seemed inexpressible [Bowie] |
| 13007 | Archimedes defined a straight line as the shortest distance between two points [Archimedes, by Leibniz] |
| 20950 | German Idealism says our thinking and nature have the same rational structure [Bowie] |
| 20942 | Nazis think race predetermines the self [Bowie] |
| 6028 | Bodies interact with other bodies, and cuts cause pain, and shame causes blushing, so the soul is a body [Cleanthes, by Nemesius] |
| 20831 | The soul suffers when the body hurts, creates redness from shame, and pallor from fear [Cleanthes] |
| 20946 | Rhetoric is built into language, so it cannot be stripped from philosophy [Bowie] |
| 5993 | The ascending scale of living creatures requires a perfect being [Cleanthes, by Tieleman] |