Combining Texts

All the ideas for 'fragments/reports', 'In Metaphysics' and 'The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge'

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5 ideas

7. Existence / A. Nature of Existence / 6. Criterion for Existence

16660

Are things distinct if they are both separate, or if only one of them can be separate? [Duns Scotus, by Pasnau]

9. Objects / B. Unity of Objects / 2. Substance / a. Substance

16626

Substance is only grasped under the general heading of 'being' [Duns Scotus]

10. Modality / A. Necessity / 8. Transcendental Necessity

490	Everything happens by reason and necessity [Leucippus]

11. Knowledge Aims / C. Knowing Reality / 2. Phenomenalism

8824	No one has defended translational phenomenalism since Ayer in 1940 [Ayer, by Kim]

26. Natural Theory / C. Causation / 9. General Causation / d. Causal necessity

15251

The attribution of necessity to causation is either primitive animism, or confusion with logical necessity [Ayer]