Combining Texts

All the ideas for 'The Courtier and the Heretic', 'Laughter' and 'Reference and Essence (1st edn)'

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12 ideas

1. Philosophy / D. Nature of Philosophy / 8. Humour
12170 Amusement rests on superiority, or relief, or incongruity [Scruton]
12172 Objects of amusement do not have to be real [Scruton]
12173 The central object of amusement is the human [Scruton]
12169 Since only men laugh, it seems to be an attribute of reason [Scruton]
2. Reason / D. Definition / 11. Ostensive Definition
18889 Ostensive definitions needn't involve pointing, but must refer to something specific [Salmon,N]
4. Formal Logic / D. Modal Logic ML / 3. Modal Logic Systems / h. System S5
14627 S4, and therefore S5, are invalid for metaphysical modality [Salmon,N, by Williamson]
9. Objects / D. Essence of Objects / 7. Essence and Necessity / a. Essence as necessary properties
18888 Essentialism says some properties must be possessed, if a thing is to exist [Salmon,N]
18. Thought / A. Modes of Thought / 5. Rationality / a. Rationality
12174 Only rational beings are attentive without motive or concern [Scruton]
19. Language / B. Reference / 1. Reference theories
18886 Frege's 'sense' solves four tricky puzzles [Salmon,N]
19. Language / B. Reference / 3. Direct Reference / a. Direct reference
18887 The perfect case of direct reference is a variable which has been assigned a value [Salmon,N]
24. Political Theory / D. Ideologies / 10. Theocracy
7825 The politics of Leibniz was the reunification of Christianity [Stewart,M]
26. Natural Theory / B. Natural Kinds / 5. Reference to Natural Kinds
18891 Nothing in the direct theory of reference blocks anti-essentialism; water structure might have been different [Salmon,N]