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All the ideas for 'Mahaprajnaparamitashastra', 'works' and 'fragments/reports'

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134 ideas

1. Philosophy / A. Wisdom / 2. Wise People
20866 Wise men participate in politics, especially if it shows moral progress [Stoic school, by Stobaeus]
20854 Wise men are never astonished at things which other people take to be wonders [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
1. Philosophy / A. Wisdom / 3. Wisdom Deflated
20815 No wise man has yet been discovered [Stoic school, by Cicero]
1. Philosophy / D. Nature of Philosophy / 4. Divisions of Philosophy
20806 Stoic physics concerns cosmos, elements and causes (with six detailed divisions) [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
20839 Ethics studies impulse, good, passion, virtue, goals, value, action, appropriateness, encouragement [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
1. Philosophy / D. Nature of Philosophy / 5. Aims of Philosophy / a. Philosophy as worldly
20867 True philosophising is not memorising ideas, but living by them [Stoic school, by Stobaeus]
1. Philosophy / F. Analytic Philosophy / 3. Analysis of Preconditions
21675 Some facts are indispensable for an effect, and others actually necessitate the effect [Stoic school, by Cicero]
2. Reason / A. Nature of Reason / 2. Logos
21810 The Stoics distinguished spoken logos from logos within the mind [Stoic school, by Plotinus]
20775 Stoics study canons, criteria and definitions, in order to find the truth [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
21393 Stoics believed that rational capacity in man (logos) is embodied in the universe [Stoic school, by Long]
2. Reason / C. Styles of Reason / 1. Dialectic
20776 Dialectics is mastery of question and answer form [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
3. Truth / A. Truth Problems / 3. Value of Truth
20849 Falsehoods corrupt a mind, producing passions and instability [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
3. Truth / A. Truth Problems / 5. Truth Bearers
20823 The truth bearers are said to be the signified, or the signifier, or the meaning of the signifier [Stoic school, by Sext.Empiricus]
4. Formal Logic / A. Syllogistic Logic / 2. Syllogistic Logic
20778 Stoics like syllogisms, for showing what is demonstrative, which corrects opinions [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
4. Formal Logic / F. Set Theory ST / 1. Set Theory
15901 Trying to represent curves, we study arbitrary functions, leading to the ordinals, which produces set theory [Cantor, by Lavine]
4. Formal Logic / F. Set Theory ST / 2. Mechanics of Set Theory / c. Basic theorems of ST
13444 Cantor's Theorem: for any set x, its power set P(x) has more members than x [Cantor, by Hart,WD]
18098 Cantor proved that all sets have more subsets than they have members [Cantor, by Bostock]
4. Formal Logic / F. Set Theory ST / 3. Types of Set / c. Unit (Singleton) Sets
15505 If a set is 'a many thought of as one', beginners should protest against singleton sets [Cantor, by Lewis]
4. Formal Logic / F. Set Theory ST / 3. Types of Set / d. Infinite Sets
10701 Cantor showed that supposed contradictions in infinity were just a lack of clarity [Cantor, by Potter]
10865 The continuum is the powerset of the integers, which moves up a level [Cantor, by Clegg]
4. Formal Logic / F. Set Theory ST / 4. Axioms for Sets / d. Axiom of Unions III
13016 The Axiom of Union dates from 1899, and seems fairly obvious [Cantor, by Maddy]
4. Formal Logic / F. Set Theory ST / 5. Conceptions of Set / b. Combinatorial sets
14199 Cantor's sets were just collections, but Dedekind's were containers [Cantor, by Oliver/Smiley]
5. Theory of Logic / E. Structures of Logic / 1. Logical Form
21400 Stoics avoided universals by paraphrasing 'Man is...' as 'If something is a man, then it is...' [Stoic school, by Long]
5. Theory of Logic / E. Structures of Logic / 2. Logical Connectives / c. not
20788 The contradictory of a contradictory is an affirmation [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
5. Theory of Logic / K. Features of Logics / 8. Enumerability
10082 There are infinite sets that are not enumerable [Cantor, by Smith,P]
5. Theory of Logic / L. Paradox / 5. Paradoxes in Set Theory / b. Cantor's paradox
13483 Cantor's Paradox: the power set of the universe must be bigger than the universe, yet a subset of it [Cantor, by Hart,WD]
5. Theory of Logic / L. Paradox / 5. Paradoxes in Set Theory / e. Mirimanoff's paradox
8710 The powerset of all the cardinal numbers is required to be greater than itself [Cantor, by Friend]
6. Mathematics / A. Nature of Mathematics / 1. Mathematics
15910 Cantor named the third realm between the finite and the Absolute the 'transfinite' [Cantor, by Lavine]
6. Mathematics / A. Nature of Mathematics / 3. Nature of Numbers / b. Types of number
15905 Cantor proved the points on a plane are in one-to-one correspondence to the points on a line [Cantor, by Lavine]
6. Mathematics / A. Nature of Mathematics / 3. Nature of Numbers / c. Priority of numbers
9983 Cantor took the ordinal numbers to be primary [Cantor, by Tait]
6. Mathematics / A. Nature of Mathematics / 3. Nature of Numbers / d. Natural numbers
17798 Cantor presented the totality of natural numbers as finite, not infinite [Cantor, by Mayberry]
6. Mathematics / A. Nature of Mathematics / 3. Nature of Numbers / e. Ordinal numbers
9971 Cantor introduced the distinction between cardinals and ordinals [Cantor, by Tait]
9892 Cantor showed that ordinals are more basic than cardinals [Cantor, by Dummett]
6. Mathematics / A. Nature of Mathematics / 3. Nature of Numbers / f. Cardinal numbers
14136 A cardinal is an abstraction, from the nature of a set's elements, and from their order [Cantor]
6. Mathematics / A. Nature of Mathematics / 3. Nature of Numbers / g. Real numbers
15906 Cantor tried to prove points on a line matched naturals or reals - but nothing in between [Cantor, by Lavine]
11015 Cantor's diagonal argument proved you can't list all decimal numbers between 0 and 1 [Cantor, by Read]
6. Mathematics / A. Nature of Mathematics / 3. Nature of Numbers / h. Reals from Cauchy
15903 A real is associated with an infinite set of infinite Cauchy sequences of rationals [Cantor, by Lavine]
18251 Irrational numbers are the limits of Cauchy sequences of rational numbers [Cantor, by Lavine]
6. Mathematics / A. Nature of Mathematics / 5. The Infinite / a. The Infinite
15902 Irrationals and the Dedekind Cut implied infinite classes, but they seemed to have logical difficulties [Cantor, by Lavine]
15908 It was Cantor's diagonal argument which revealed infinities greater than that of the real numbers [Cantor, by Lavine]
6. Mathematics / A. Nature of Mathematics / 5. The Infinite / d. Actual infinite
13464 Cantor proposes that there won't be a potential infinity if there is no actual infinity [Cantor, by Hart,WD]
6. Mathematics / A. Nature of Mathematics / 5. The Infinite / f. Uncountable infinities
10112 The naturals won't map onto the reals, so there are different sizes of infinity [Cantor, by George/Velleman]
6. Mathematics / A. Nature of Mathematics / 5. The Infinite / g. Continuum Hypothesis
8733 The Continuum Hypothesis says there are no sets between the natural numbers and reals [Cantor, by Shapiro]
17889 CH: An infinite set of reals corresponds 1-1 either to the naturals or to the reals [Cantor, by Koellner]
13447 Cantor: there is no size between naturals and reals, or between a set and its power set [Cantor, by Hart,WD]
10883 Cantor's Continuum Hypothesis says there is a gap between the natural and the real numbers [Cantor, by Horsten]
13528 Continuum Hypothesis: there are no sets between N and P(N) [Cantor, by Wolf,RS]
9555 Continuum Hypothesis: no cardinal greater than aleph-null but less than cardinality of the continuum [Cantor, by Chihara]
6. Mathematics / A. Nature of Mathematics / 5. The Infinite / h. Ordinal infinity
18174 Cantor extended ordinals into the transfinite, and they can thus measure infinite cardinalities [Cantor, by Maddy]
15893 Cantor's theory concerns collections which can be counted, using the ordinals [Cantor, by Lavine]
6. Mathematics / A. Nature of Mathematics / 5. The Infinite / i. Cardinal infinity
18173 Cardinality strictly concerns one-one correspondence, to test infinite sameness of size [Cantor, by Maddy]
6. Mathematics / B. Foundations for Mathematics / 5. Definitions of Number / e. Caesar problem
10232 Property extensions outstrip objects, so shortage of objects caused the Caesar problem [Cantor, by Shapiro]
6. Mathematics / B. Foundations for Mathematics / 6. Mathematics as Set Theory / a. Mathematics is set theory
18176 Pure mathematics is pure set theory [Cantor]
6. Mathematics / C. Sources of Mathematics / 4. Mathematical Empiricism / a. Mathematical empiricism
8631 Cantor says that maths originates only by abstraction from objects [Cantor, by Frege]
7. Existence / D. Theories of Reality / 10. Vagueness / g. Degrees of vagueness
21594 Stoics applied bivalence to sorites situations, so everyone is either vicious or wholly virtuous [Stoic school, by Williamson]
7. Existence / E. Categories / 3. Proposed Categories
20824 Stoics have four primary categories: substrates, qualities, dispositions, relative dispositions [Stoic school, by Simplicius]
8. Modes of Existence / D. Universals / 6. Platonic Forms / d. Forms critiques
20817 Platonic Forms are just our thoughts [Stoic school, by Ps-Plutarch]
9. Objects / B. Unity of Objects / 2. Substance / a. Substance
6037 Stoics say matter has qualities, and substance underlies it, with no form or qualities [Stoic school, by Chalcidius]
9. Objects / C. Structure of Objects / 8. Parts of Objects / c. Wholes from parts
20826 How is separateness possible, if separated things are always said to be united? [Alexander on Stoic school]
20825 How is divisibility possible, if stoics say things remain united when they are divided? [Alexander on Stoic school]
20872 Stoics say wholes are more than parts, but entirely consist of parts [Stoic school, by Sext.Empiricus]
10. Modality / B. Possibility / 1. Possibility
20790 A proposition is possible if it is true when nothing stops it being true [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
10. Modality / B. Possibility / 8. Conditionals / c. Truth-function conditionals
20789 Conditionals are false if the falsehood of the conclusion does not conflict with the antecedent [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
11. Knowledge Aims / A. Knowledge / 1. Knowledge
20783 Knowledge is a secure grasp of presentations which cannot be reversed by argument [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
11. Knowledge Aims / A. Knowledge / 4. Belief / b. Elements of beliefs
20868 Two sorts of opinion: either poorly grounded belief, or weak belief [Stoic school, by Stobaeus]
12. Knowledge Sources / A. A Priori Knowledge / 1. Nature of the A Priori
20784 There are non-sensible presentations, which come to us through the intellect [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
12. Knowledge Sources / A. A Priori Knowledge / 3. Innate Knowledge / c. Tabula rasa
20803 Stoics say we are born like a blank sheet of paper; the first concepts on it are sensations [Stoic school, by Ps-Plutarch]
6025 At birth the soul is a blank sheet ready to be written on [Stoic school, by Aetius]
12. Knowledge Sources / B. Perception / 2. Qualities in Perception / d. Secondary qualities
20781 Non-graspable presentations are from what doesn't exist, or are not clear and distinct [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
12. Knowledge Sources / B. Perception / 5. Interpretation
20792 Stoic perception is a presentation to which one voluntarily assents [Stoic school, by Stobaeus]
12. Knowledge Sources / D. Empiricism / 1. Empiricism
20805 All our concepts come from experience, directly, or by expansion, reduction or compounding [Stoic school, by Sext.Empiricus]
13. Knowledge Criteria / B. Internal Justification / 1. Epistemic virtues
20782 Dialectic is a virtue which contains other virtues [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
13. Knowledge Criteria / C. External Justification / 4. Tracking the Facts
1772 For Stoics knowledge is an assertion which never deviates from the truth [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
14. Science / A. Basis of Science / 2. Demonstration
20779 Demonstration derives what is less clear from what is clear [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
15. Nature of Minds / A. Nature of Mind / 1. Mind / a. Mind
23251 The Stoics think that soul in the narrow sense is nothing but reason [Stoic school, by Frede,M]
15. Nature of Minds / A. Nature of Mind / 1. Mind / c. Features of mind
20809 Eight parts of the soul: five senses, seeds, speech and reason [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
15. Nature of Minds / A. Nature of Mind / 2. Psuche
23321 Division of the soul divides a person, reducing responsibility for the nonrational part [Stoic school, by Frede,M]
23267 Stoics say the soul is a mixture of air and fire [Stoic school, by Galen]
15. Nature of Minds / C. Capacities of Minds / 1. Faculties
20785 Our conceptions arise from experience, similarity, analogy, transposition, composition and opposition [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
16. Persons / A. Concept of a Person / 4. Persons as Agents
7502 For Stoics the true self is defined by what I can be master of [Stoic school, by Foucault]
16. Persons / F. Free Will / 3. Constraints on the will
23327 Stoics expanded the idea of compulsion, and contracted what counts as one's own actions [Stoic school, by Frede,M]
16. Persons / F. Free Will / 5. Against Free Will
7672 The free will problem was invented by the Stoics [Stoic school, by Berlin]
16. Persons / F. Free Will / 6. Determinism / b. Fate
23315 The nearest to ancient determinism is Stoic fate, but that is controlled by a sympathetic God [Stoic school, by Frede,M]
18. Thought / A. Modes of Thought / 3. Emotions / b. Types of emotion
4014 Stoics classify passions according to the opinion of good and bad which they imply [Stoic school, by Taylor,C]
18. Thought / A. Modes of Thought / 3. Emotions / e. Basic emotions
23988 There are four basic emotions: pleasure or delight, distress, appetite, and fear [Stoic school, by Cicero]
18. Thought / A. Modes of Thought / 6. Judgement / a. Nature of Judgement
6594 Stoics said that correct judgement needs an invincible criterion of truth [Stoic school, by Fogelin]
18. Thought / D. Concepts / 1. Concepts / a. Nature of concepts
20804 Concepts are intellectual phantasms [Stoic school, by Ps-Plutarch]
8715 Infinities expand the bounds of the conceivable; we explore concepts to explore conceivability [Cantor, by Friend]
18. Thought / E. Abstraction / 2. Abstracta by Selection
13454 Cantor says (vaguely) that we abstract numbers from equal sized sets [Hart,WD on Cantor]
19. Language / C. Assigning Meanings / 3. Predicates
20786 Predicates are incomplete 'lekta' [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
19. Language / D. Propositions / 4. Mental Propositions
23322 Humans have rational impressions, which are conceptual, and are true or false [Stoic school, by Frede,M]
19. Language / F. Communication / 1. Rhetoric
20777 Rhetoric has three types, four modes, and four sections [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
20. Action / B. Preliminaries of Action / 2. Willed Action / a. Will to Act
23323 Earlier Stoics speak of assent, but not of choice, let alone of a will [Stoic school, by Frede,M]
20. Action / C. Motives for Action / 4. Responsibility for Actions
23305 Stoics said responsibility depends on rationality [Stoic school, by Sorabji]
21. Aesthetics / C. Artistic Issues / 7. Art and Morality
1907 Stoics use 'kalon' (beautiful) as a synonym for 'agathon' (good) [Bury on Stoic school]
22. Metaethics / A. Ethics Foundations / 2. Source of Ethics / b. Rational ethics
22757 Stoics say that folly alone is evil [Stoic school, by Sext.Empiricus]
22. Metaethics / B. Value / 1. Nature of Value / a. Nature of value
20846 Prime values apply to the life in agreement; useful values apply to the natural life [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
22. Metaethics / B. Value / 1. Nature of Value / d. Subjective value
20847 The appraiser's value is what is set by someone experienced in the facts [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
22. Metaethics / B. Value / 1. Nature of Value / f. Ultimate value
20870 The goal is to live consistently with the constitution of a human being [Stoic school, by Clement]
22. Metaethics / B. Value / 2. Values / d. Health
22238 Stoics said health is an 'indifferent', but they still considered it preferable [Stoic school, by Pormann]
20861 The health of the soul is a good blend of beliefs [Stoic school, by Stobaeus]
22. Metaethics / B. Value / 2. Values / f. Altruism
3553 Stoic morality says that one's own happiness will lead to impartiality [Stoic school, by Annas]
22. Metaethics / B. Value / 2. Values / g. Love
20851 Virtuous men do not feel sexual desire, which merely focuses on physical beauty [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
22. Metaethics / B. Value / 2. Values / h. Fine deeds
7499 Stoicism was an elitist option to lead a beautiful life [Stoic school, by Foucault]
22. Metaethics / C. The Good / 1. Goodness / b. Types of good
20843 Final goods: confidence, prudence, freedom, enjoyment and no pain, good spirits, virtue [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
22. Metaethics / C. The Good / 2. Happiness / a. Nature of happiness
22753 Happiness for the Stoics was an equable flow of life [Stoic school, by Sext.Empiricus]
22. Metaethics / C. The Good / 2. Happiness / d. Routes to happiness
20865 Happiness is the end and goal, achieved by living virtuously, in agreement, and according to nature [Stoic school, by Stobaeus]
22. Metaethics / C. The Good / 3. Pleasure / c. Value of pleasure
20840 Stoics say pleasure is at most a byproduct of finding what is suitable for us [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
22. Metaethics / C. The Good / 3. Pleasure / f. Dangers of pleasure
20852 Rapture is a breakdown of virtue [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
23. Ethics / C. Virtue Theory / 1. Virtue Theory / a. Nature of virtue
6895 If humans are citizens of the world (not just a state) then virtue is all good human habits [Stoic school, by Mautner]
23. Ethics / C. Virtue Theory / 2. Elements of Virtue Theory / f. The Mean
20848 An appropriate action is one that can be defended, perhaps by its consistency. [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
23. Ethics / C. Virtue Theory / 3. Virtues / a. Virtues
7903 The six perfections are giving, morality, patience, vigour, meditation, and wisdom [Nagarjuna]
23. Ethics / C. Virtue Theory / 3. Virtues / e. Honour
20844 Honour is just, courageous, orderly or knowledgeable. It is praiseworthy, or functions well [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
23. Ethics / C. Virtue Theory / 3. Virtues / g. Contemplation
4012 The Stoics rejected entirely the high value that had been placed on contemplation [Stoic school, by Taylor,C]
23. Ethics / C. Virtue Theory / 4. External Goods / a. External goods
5073 Stoics do not despise external goods, but subject them to reason, and not to desire [Taylor,R on Stoic school]
20862 Crafts like music and letters are virtuous conditions, and they accord with virtue [Stoic school, by Stobaeus]
23. Ethics / D. Deontological Ethics / 2. Duty
5072 For Stoics, obligations are determined by social role [Taylor,R on Stoic school]
24. Political Theory / A. Basis of a State / 1. A People / a. Human distinctiveness
21396 Man is distinguished by knowing conditional truths, because impressions are connected [Stoic school, by Long]
24. Political Theory / B. Nature of a State / 3. Constitutions
1781 Stoics favour a mixture of democracy, monarchy and aristocracy [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
24. Political Theory / D. Ideologies / 1. Ideology
21384 The Stoics saw the whole world as a city [Stoic school, by Long]
20859 The best government blends democracy, monarchy and aristocracy [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
25. Social Practice / D. Justice / 2. The Law / c. Natural law
3561 Stoics originated the concept of natural law, as agreed correct reasoning [Stoic school, by Annas]
25. Social Practice / F. Life Issues / 4. Suicide
3046 Stoics say a wise man will commit suicide if he has a good enough reason [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
20858 Suicide is reasonable, for one's country or friends, or because of very bad health [Stoic school, by Diog. Laertius]
26. Natural Theory / A. Speculations on Nature / 1. Nature
3556 Stoic 'nature' is deterministic, physical and teleological [Stoic school, by Annas]
26. Natural Theory / A. Speculations on Nature / 5. Infinite in Nature
22743 Unlike Epicurus, Stoics distinguish the Whole from the All, with the latter including the void [Stoic school, by Sext.Empiricus]
26. Natural Theory / D. Laws of Nature / 8. Scientific Essentialism / e. Anti scientific essentialism
13296 The cosmos has two elements - passive matter, and active cause (or reason) which shapes it [Stoic school, by Seneca]
27. Natural Reality / C. Space / 3. Points in Space
10863 Cantor proved that three dimensions have the same number of points as one dimension [Cantor, by Clegg]
27. Natural Reality / E. Cosmology / 2. Eternal Universe
20827 The cosmos is regularly consumed and reorganised by the primary fire [Stoic school, by Aristocles]
28. God / A. Divine Nature / 2. Divine Nature
7815 Early Stoics called the logos 'god', meaning not a being, but the principle of the universe [Stoic school]
13465 Only God is absolutely infinite [Cantor, by Hart,WD]
28. God / C. Attitudes to God / 2. Pantheism
6038 Stoics say god is matter, or an inseparable quality of it, or is the power within it [Stoic school, by Chalcidius]
29. Religion / D. Religious Issues / 2. Immortality / a. Immortality
20829 Virtuous souls endure till the end, foolish souls for a short time, animal souls not at all [Stoic school, by Eusebius]
6039 Stoics say virtuous souls last till everything ends in fire, but foolish ones fade away [Stoic school, by ]