Full Idea
The paradigmatic referring devices are singular terms, denoting particular items. In English these include proper names, definite descriptions, singular personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and a few others.
Gist of Idea
Singular terms refer, using proper names, definite descriptions, singular personal pronouns, demonstratives, etc.
Source
William Lycan (Philosophy of Language [2000], Ch. 1)
Book Reference
Lycan,William G.: 'Philosophy of Language' [Routledge 2000], p.13
A Reaction
This list provides the agenda for twentieth century philosophy of language, since this is the point where language is supposed to hook onto the world.